Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijggc A synergistic approach for the simultaneous decarbonisation of power and industry via bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) Renato P. Cabral a,b , Mai Bui b,c , Niall Mac Dowell b,c, ⁎ a SSCP DTP, Grantham Institute for Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK b Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 1NA, UK c Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Oxy-combustion Carbon capture and storage BECCS Techno-economic analysis Negative CO 2 emissions NET Bioenergy ABSTRACT There is a need for a rapid and large scale decarbonisation to reduce CO 2 emissions by 45% within 12 years. Thus, we propose a method that accelerates decarbonisation across multiple sectors via a synergistic approach with bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), which is able to remove 740 kg CO2 from air per MWh electricity generated. Industry is a hard-to-decarbonise sector which presents a unique set of challenges where, unlike the power sector, there are no obvious alternatives to CCS. One of these challenges is the signifcant variation of CO 2 concentration, which directly infuences CO 2 capture costs, ranging from $10/t CO2 to over $170/t CO2 for high (95–99% CO 2 ) and low CO 2 concentration (4% CO 2 ) applications, respectively. Re-purposing the existing coal- fred power plant feet into BECCS displaces CO 2 emissions from coal-use and enables a just transition, i.e., avoiding job loss, providing a supportive economic framework that does not rely on government subsidies. Negative emissions generated from capturing and storing atmospheric CO 2 can be converted into negative emission credits (NECs) and auctioned to hard-to-decarbonise sectors, thus providing another revenue stream to the power plant. A levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) between $70 and $100 per MWh can be achieved through auctioning NECs at $90–$135 per t CO2 . Ofsetting the global industrial CO 2 emissions of 9 Gt CO2 would require 3000 BECCS plants under this framework. This approach could jumpstart industrial decarbonisation whilst giving this sector more time to develop new CCS technologies. 1. Introduction 1.1. Climate change mitigation targets The recent IPCC report on global warming of 1.5 °C stresses that the global decarbonisation efort is progressing at an insufcient rate (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2018). Global GHG emissions require sig- nifcant and rapid reductions across all sectors (e.g., energy, industry, agriculture, transport) to meet the 1.5 °C target, and prevent the ad- verse efects of climate change (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2018). The report fndings indicate that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires a net 45% reduction of global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions relative to 2010 levels by 2030, reaching net negative by 2050 (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2018). Thus, “negative emissions”, i.e., CO 2 removal from air, will be necessary to balance residual emissions (Gladysz and Ziębik, 2016). To date, the majority of eforts to reduce CO 2 emissions have focused on phasing out fossil fuels from the power sector and their replacement with renewable energy (Energy Transitions Commission, 2016). Other sectors such as industry, transport, land, and buildings do not have a renewable technology substitute that is commercially available (Bains et al., 2017). Direct decarbonisation of these “hard-to-reach” sectors at the required rate and scale remains a major challenge, e.g., directly applying CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) (Bains et al., 2017; Psarras et al., 2017). Strategic deployment of negative emission tech- nologies (NET) presents opportunities for cross sector reductions in CO 2 emissions at an accelerated rate (Fuss et al., 2014, 2018; Minx et al., 2018). Negative emissions can be defned as being a human interven- tion to remove CO 2 from the atmosphere, thus augmenting natural CO 2 sinks (Minx et al., 2018). NETs that capture atmospheric CO 2 via photosynthesis include bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), aforestation/re- forestation (AR), soil carbon sequestration, biochar, and ocean fertili- sation (Fuss et al., 2014, 2018; Minx et al., 2018; Bui et al., 2018a). Atmospheric CO 2 capture via chemical processes comprise direct air capture (DAC) and enhanced weather/ocean alkalination (Fuss et al., 2014, 2018; Minx et al., 2018). Whilst all these approaches are viable options for removing https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.05.020 Received 17 February 2019; Received in revised form 13 May 2019; Accepted 15 May 2019 ⁎ Corresponding author at: Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 1NA, UK. E-mail address: niall@imperial.ac.uk (N. Mac Dowell). International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 87 (2019) 221–237 1750-5836/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T