Dynamic Games and Applications
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13235-018-0270-x
Heterogeneous Society in Binary Choices with Externalities
Arianna Dal Forno
1
· Ugo Merlone
2
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract
We study a two-strategy model with negative externalities proposed by Schelling, in a
dynamical setting where a society consists of two interacting populations with different
behaviors derived from experiments with human participants. The resulting dynamics is a
three-dimensional piecewise smooth map with one discontinuity, which inherits some of the
characteristics of each homogeneous population dynamics, while others are lost and new
ones emerge. We propose a technique to represent the dynamics on a bidimensional space
and prove that the heterogeneous society dynamics can be obtained as a linear combina-
tion of the dynamics of the two homogeneous populations. As expected, complexity arises
with respect to some aspects. Firstly, the number of equilibria expands to infinity and we
were able to determine possible focal equilibria in the sense of Schelling. Secondly, when
heterogeneity is introduced, the period adding structure of cycles is replaced by a period
incrementing structure. Thirdly, the phenomenon of overreaction and cyclic oscillations can
be mitigated even if it never completely disappears. We also derive the orbits of cycles of
period two and provide numerical evidences of coexistence of cycles with different periods.
It is worth noticing that with the heterogeneous society, the dynamics does not depend on
the society aggregate choices only, rather on each population choice; neglecting it will make
impossible to determine the future evolution of the system. The implications are important as
heterogeneity makes the system path-dependent and a policy maker, considering aggregate
society choice only, would be unable to make the proper decisions, unless further information
is considered.
Keywords Evolutionary games · Heterogeneous behavior · Binary choices · Multiple
equilibria · Coexistence · Period incrementing structure · Path dependence
B Ugo Merlone
ugo.merlone@unito.it
Arianna Dal Forno
arianna.dalforno@unimol.it
1
Department of Economics, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, snc,
86100 Campobasso, Italy
2
Department of Psychology, Center for Logic, Language, and Cognition, University of Torino,
Via Verdi 10, 10124 Torino, Italy