Vol.:(0123456789) 1 3
Journal of Ornithology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-017-1519-7
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Song structure and variability in the Black‑headed Bunting (Emberiza
melanocephala)
Sanja Barišić
1
· Davor Ćiković
1
· Vesna Tutiš
1
· Jelena Kralj
1
· Herbert Hoi
2
Received: 22 February 2017 / Revised: 22 July 2017 / Accepted: 2 November 2017
© Dt. Ornithologen-Gesellschaft e.V. 2017
Abstract
Fighting and firting are the main evolutionary forces behind the development of bird song and both contribute to difer-
ent song characteristics. By comparison of vocalisations throughout bird taxa, we can help to reconstruct the evolutionary
history of the song. In this study, we provide the frst detailed analysis of song structure and song type variability in the
Black-headed Bunting (Emberiza melanocephala). We quantify the fne structural characteristics of the song and describe
the song and syllable repertoire size. Further, we describe intraindividual song variability over time and interindividual song
variability over space, and we explore whether this species uses syntactic rules to create songs. Our analyses reveal that the
Black-headed Bunting has a short yet rather complex song and that the syllable pool is extensive. Its song is constructed of
three parts that difer in both complexity and rhythm, suggesting the use of syntactic rules in constructing a song. The male
song is typically built of 9–13 syllables, with 7–12 that are non-repetitive. Each male sings only one stereotyped song, which
remains identical throughout the male’s lifespan, providing evidence for age-limited song learning. Songs are individually
distinct, suggesting the importance of song in individual recognition of males. Two spatial levels of song variation in the
Black-headed Bunting are shown. On a microgeographical level, relatively small song neighbourhoods are formed with a
handful of birds singing the same song type. On a macrogeographical level, dialects can be distinguished by the end part of
a song. The most striking feature of the male Black-headed Bunting song is the immense variability of song types. Typically,
only a small number of males shared the same song type, and males with unique song types occurred frequently as well. The
high song complexity and single-song repertoire found in the Black-headed Bunting could refect a high level of polygyny
and a low level of parental care, therefore pointing to strong intersexual selection on the male song.
Keywords Song dialect · Song similarity · Single-song species · Age-limited song learners
Zusammenfassung
Aufbau und Variabilität des Gesangs männlicher Kappenammern (Emberiza melanocephala)
Kämpfen und Flirten sind zwei wichtige Funktionen des Vogelgesangs und damit auch treibende Kräfte der Evolution,
die zur Ausprägung von Vogelgesängen beitragen, dabei aber unterschiedliche strukturelle Merkmale fördern. Um die
Evolution von Vogelgesängen zu rekonstruieren, ist unter anderem der Vergleich von Gesängen verschiedener Vogelarten
eine wertvolle Methode. In dieser Studie präsentieren wir dazu die erste detaillierte quantitative Analyse und Beschreibung
von Struktur und Variabilität des Gesangs männlicher Kappenammer (Emberiza melanocephala). Neben Gesangsaufbau,
der Ausprägung von Gesangstypen und der Silbenrepertoiregröße werden intra- und interindividuelle Gesangsunterschiede
sowie mögliche zugrundeliegende syntaktische Regeln untersucht. Unsere Analysen zeigen, dass männliche Kappenammern
kurze aber komplexe Gesänge produzieren, die sie aus einem umfangreichen Silbenpool schöpfen. Der typische Gesang
von Kappenammermännchen besteht aus drei Teilen, die sich in Komplexität und Rhythmus unterscheiden, was auf die
Verwendung syntaktischer Regeln beim Gesangsaufbau hindeutet. Eine Gesangstrophe besteht typischerweise aus 9-13 Silben
Communicated by S. Kipper.
Extended author information available on the last page of the article