Patient-Specific Diagnosis and Visualization of Bone Micro-Structures L. Podshivalov, A. Fischer and P. Z. Bar-Yoseph Abstract Bone is a hierarchical bio-material whose architecture differs at each level of hierarchy and whose mechanical properties can vary considerably, even on the same specimen, due to bone heterogeneity. Because of their complexity and large number of details, these models are considered to be large-scale models. Modeling, visualization and diagnosis of such models is challenging, since a large amount of data must be processed rapidly. Moreover, if physically based modeling is required, material properties are also included in the computational model in addition to geometrical data, making the task more difficult. Therefore, advanced technology and computational methods are required for efficient, reliable and robust visualization and diagnosis. In this chapter we describe state-of-the-art technologies and methods that facilitate the processing of bone structure at the micro-scale. Specifically, we relate to computational methods that enable structural analysis of this highly detailed structure for medical diagnosis. 1 Introduction Visualization of bone micro-structures and diagnosis of bone diseases are two interconnected processes. Visualization techniques are driven by diagnostic needs, while the diagnosis process, which utilizes emerging medical imaging technology, dictates how the bone structure should be visualized. During the last two decades, L. Podshivalov  A. Fischer (&) Laboratory for CAD and LCE, Technion, Haifa, Israel e-mail: meranath@tx.technion.ac.il L. Podshivalov  P. Z. Bar-Yoseph Computational Biomechanics Laboratory, Technion, Haifa, Israel Stud Mechanobiol Tissue Eng Biomater (2012) 9: 27–52 27 DOI: 10.1007/8415_2011_88 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 Published Online: 13 July 2011