Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography A Systematic Review Monica J. E. Parry 4 Judith McFetridge-Durdle b Background: Standard noninvasive impedance cardiography has been used to examine the cardiovascular responses of individuals to a wide range of stimuli in critical care and laboratory settings. It has been shown to be a reliable alternative to invasive thermodilution techniques and an acceptable alternative to the use of a pulmonary artery catheter. Ambulatory impedance cardiography provides a similar assessment of cardiac function to standard non- invasive impedance cardiography, but it does so while individuals engage in activities of daily living. It offers portability and the option of managing complex patients in outpatient settings. b Objective: To critically examine through a literature analysis the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of ambulatory impedance cardiography for the assessment of cardiac performance during activities of daily living. b Methods: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), The Cochrane Database of Methodology Reviews (CDMR), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), National Health Service Economic Evalu- ation Database (NHS EED), Health Technology Assess- ment (HTA), and The Cochrane Methodology Register (CMR; 1966Y2005); MEDLINE (1950Y2005); and CINAHL (1982Y2005) were searched using the following terms: ambulatory cardiac performance, impedance cardiac per- formance, AIM cardiac performance monitor, thoracic electrical bio-impedance, impedance cardiography, ambu- latory impedance monitor, bio-impedance technology, ambulatory impedance cardiography, bio-electric imped- ance; also included were reference lists of retrieved articles. Studies were selected if they used an ambulatory impedance monitor to examine one or more of the following cardiovascular responses: pre-ejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), stroke volume (SV), or a combination of these. b Results: Studies have been predominantly descriptive and have been focused on a young, male population with a normal body mass index (BMI; 25Y29 kg/m 2 ). Inconsisten- cies in determining specific markers of cardiac function (e.g., PEP and SV) across studies necessitated that results be reported by outcome for each study separately. b Discussion: Ambulatory impedance monitors are valid and reliable instruments used for the physiologic measurement of cardiac performance. Sensitivity is established utilizing within-individual measurements of relative change. This is especially important in light of an aging population and technical advances in healthcare. Further research is warranted using nursing interventions that focus on an older, female population who have a BMI greater than 30 kg/m 2 . Availability of noninvasive ambulatory measures of cardiac function has the potential to improve care for a variety of patient populations, including those with hypertension, heart failure, pain, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. b Key Words: ambulatory monitoring & impedance cardiography I mpedance cardiography (ICG) is a noninvasive tech- nology that provides information regarding hemody- namic and fluid status (Lasater & Von Rueden, 2003). Noninvasive assessments of cardiac performance using bioelectrical impedance were first used in 1966 (Kubicek, Karnegis, Patterson, Witsoe, & Mattson, 1966) when im- pedance measurements within the thorax were used to estimate cardiac output (CO). Impedance changes are generated by fluctuations in blood volume and flow Nursing Research . July/August 2006 . Vol 55, No 4, 283–291 Nursing Research July/August 2006 Vol 55, No 4 283 Monica J. E. Parry, RN, PhD(C), ACNP, CCN(C), is Advanced Practice Nurse/Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, Cardiac Surgery, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Doctoral Candidate, Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto; and Strategic Training Fellow in the FUTURE Program for Cardio- vascular Nurse Scientists. Judith McFetridge-Durdle, PhD, RN, is Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and Key Mentor in the FUTURE Program for Cardio- vascular Nurse Scientists. Copyr ight © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthor iz ed reproduction of this article is prohibited.