Review The common evolutionary history of badnaviruses and banana Marie-line Iskra-Caruana ⇑ , Pierre-Olivier Duroy, Matthieu Chabannes, Emmanuelle Muller CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34098 Montpellier, France article info Article history: Received 9 July 2013 Received in revised form 13 October 2013 Accepted 15 October 2013 Available online 31 October 2013 Keywords: Badnavirus Banana streak virus Co-evolution Phylogeny Epidemics Endogenous viral sequences abstract Recent plant genome sequencing efforts have revealed myriad viral sequences suggesting a cryptic inter- action between both partners. Interestingly, no integration step has ever been reported as an obligatory step in the life cycle of plant viruses. Circular dsDNA viruses belonging to the family Caulimoviridae are the most abundant among integrated plant viral sequences. In this review, we describe how this hitherto hidden interaction could inform the evolutionary history of both partners badnaviruses and banana plants. Ó 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 83 2. Badnavirus genetic diversity in tropical plants ............................................................................... 84 3. Badnavirus genetic diversity in banana ..................................................................................... 84 3.1. Clade 1 – Banana streak virus (BSV) and its endogenous counterpart (eBSV) ................................................. 84 3.2. Clade 2 – Musa endogenous badnaviruses............................................................................. 86 3.3. Clade 3 – Banana streak virus from Uganda ............................................................................ 87 4. Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 88 References ........................................................................................................... 88 1. Introduction Recent analysis of plant genome sequences has revealed that the contribution of viruses to plant evolution is greater than ex- pected, and reports extensive viral colonisation of host plant gen- omes, named endogenous viral elements (EVE), as the result of an endogenisation process (Feschotte and Gilbert, 2012). This indi- cates a close interaction between viruses and their host plants, clearly reflecting an impact/effect of co-evolution for both part- ners. Nowadays, most of plant endogenous viral sequences belong to the family Caulimoviridae encompassing plant pararetroviruses. Caulimoviridae are open-circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses of 7–8.3 kbp, replicating via a reverse transcription step 1567-1348/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.013 Abbreviations: EVE, endogenous viral elements; BSV, Banana streak virus; eBSV, endogenous Banana streak virus; BEV, Banana endogenous virus; BSOLV, Banana streak Obino l’ewai virus; BSGFV, Banana streak Goldfinger virus; BSIMV, Banana streak Imové virus; BSMYV, Banana streak Mysore virus; BSVNV, Banana streak Vietnam virus; BSCAV, Banana streak Cavendish virus; BSPEV, Banana streak Peru virus; BSUAV, Banana streak Uganda A virus; BSUIV, Banana streak Uganda I virus; BSUJV, Banana streak Uganda J virus; BSUKV, Banana streak Uganda K virus; BSULV, Banana streak Uganda L virus; BSUMV, Banana streak Uganda M virus; PKW, pisang klutuk wulung; EAH, east African Highland. ⇑ Corresponding author. Address: CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Campus international de Baillarguet – TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Tel.: +33 499 624 813; fax: +33 499 624 808. E-mail addresses: marie-line.caruana@cirad.fr (M.-l. Iskra-Caruana), pierre- olivier.duroy@bayer.com (P.O. Duroy), matthieu.chabannes@cirad.fr (M. Cha- bannes), emmanuelle.muller@cirad.fr (E. Muller). Infection, Genetics and Evolution 21 (2014) 83–89 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Infection, Genetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/meegid