1 Multigenerational adversity impacts on gut microbiome composition and socioemotional 2 functioning in early childhood 3 4 5 Francesca R. Querdasi 1 , Neerja Karnani 4 , Birit Broekman 4 , Chong Yap-Seng 4,5 , Peter D. 6 Gluckman 4,6 , Lourdes Mary Daniel 7,8 , Fabian Yap 9,10,11 , Johan G. Eriksson 4,5,12,13 , Shirong Cai 4 , 7 Michael J. Meaney 2,3,4 , Bridget L. Callaghan 1 8 9 1 Department of Psychology, UCLA, USA; 2 Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 10 Canada; 3 Brain – Body Initiative, Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore; 11 4 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), 12 Singapore; 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo School of Medicine, National 13 University of Singapore, Singapore; 6 Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand; 14 7 Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; 8 Department of Child Development, KK Women’s and 15 Children’s Hospital, Singapore; 9 Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s 16 Hopsital, Singapore; 10 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 17 Singapore; 11 Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 18 Singapore; 12 University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; 13 Folkhälsan 19 Research Center, Finland. 20 21 Acknowledgements 22 Funding was provided by the Singapore National Research Foundation under its Translational 23 and Clinical Research (TCR) Flagship Programme and administered by the Singapore Ministry 24 of Health’s National Medical Research Council (NMRC), Singapore - NMRC/TCR/004- 25 NUS/2008; NMRC/TCR/012-NUHS/2014. Additional funding was provided by the Singapore 26 Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), the 27 JPB Foundation (US) Toxic Stress Network (MJM), and the UCLA Psychology Summer 28 Research Fellowship (FRQ). The authors thank the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy 29 Outcomes (GUSTO) study team, and Ang Li Ting in particular, for providing support with data 30 access and processing. We also thank the participants for their invaluable contributions to the 31 GUSTO study. 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46