Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2019 Jan, Vol-13(1): ZC45-ZC48 45 45 DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2019/36483.12519 Original Article Dentistry Section Determination of Craniofacial Morphometry of Saudi Adults by Steiner’s Analysis INTRODUCTION The awareness of the aesthetically pleasing face and the seeking of professional help is increasing day by day among the Saudi adults [1]. Treatment plans and clinical procedures should be done only after total consideration of the racial groups [2-9] involved and only after detailed investigations and understanding of the differences between races and their normal cephalometric values (Mean±SD) found in Saudi, Bangladeshi, Malaysian, Egyptian, American and Japanese populations [Table/Fig-1] [2,5-9]. It has become apparent that there is the need to determine what constitutes a pleasing or normal face for the Saudi population. Craniofacial appearances play a dynamic role in the treatment planning of malocclusions in Orthodontics [10]. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the incidence and characteristics of different craniofacial morphologies from different geographic locations as well as different populations in different parts of the world which provide a baseline data and help Orthodontist to make available treatment possibilities [1,2,5,6-9]. Many studies, such as Steiner’s [1,2], Down’s [1], combined analysis [3-9], Downs [11], Holdway’s [12,13], Bjork-Jarabak’s [14,15], Mcnamara [16,17], Harvold’s [18], Tweed’s and Wit's analysis [19], lip morphology analysis [20-25], Cephalometric for orthognathic surgery [26], different sagittal analysis [27-30] and analyses of Pancherz [31] have been conducted in different populations and races to determine the cephalometric standards of different ethnic groups and mostly all the studies have shown considerable differences in the skeletal features by their lateral cephalograms analysis. Accordingly, the standards differ among the studies. Cephalometric characteristics in different malocclusion [32-34] and their comparison [35], as well as genetic influences [36] have been studied extensively. A comparison was done by Bishara SE et al., between the Egyptian adolescent boys IBADULLAH KUNDI 1 , HARSHAL KUMAR 2 , MOHAMMAD KHURSHEED ALAM 3 Keywords: Cephalometry, Craniofacial, Saudi arabia, Skeletal, Standards ABSTRACT Introduction: Evaluation of craniofacial morphology plays a vital role both in clinical practice and research purpose in dentistry and lateral cephalometric radiograph is the most commonly used and appropriate implement for the evaluation of craniofacial morphology. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the craniofacial morphometry of Saudi adults using Steiner’s angular and linear measurements and also to compare their mean values with the established values of Caucasian adults. Materials and Methods: Eighty digital lateral cephalometric radiographs of Saudi adults including 43 males and 37 females with an average age of 22 years were studied. Patients with no craniofacial/skeletal abnormalities and no previous Orthodontic treatment were included in the study. Seventeen cephalometric landmarks were determined, 11 angular and 4 linear measurements of Steiner’s analysis were done using Cassos software. Error study was done on 20% of randomly selected cephalometric radiograph after two weeks of interval. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS software version 22. Independent t-test was used to test the level of significance. p<0.05 considered as significant. Results: Acceptable errors were observed using Dahlberg formula. The results of the present study revealed non-significant difference between the genders on almost all measured values. Saudi females showed larger SNA, SNB, ANB, SND, S to E, U6 to NA and L6 to NB (8 out of 15) than Saudi males. Mean values of cephalometric norms of Saudi adults were different than the Steiner’s established craniofacial morphometric norms. Conclusion: The results revealed non-significant linear and angular differences in craniofacial morphometry among Saudi males and females. Measured craniofacial morphometry showed disparities between Caucasian established values. Variables Saudi population Bangladeshi population Egyptian population American population Malaysian population Japanese population Malaysian Indian Malaysian Chinese Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Variables Mean SNA 83.6 4.3 82.18 1.07 82.7 3.6 82.3 3.4 83.71 1.22 87.03 2.85 Maxillary length 54.57 SNB 81 3.7 79.77 0.94 79.5 3.5 79.2 2.8 80.86 1.09 84.29 2.58 Mandibular ramus length 54.24 ANB 2.5 2 2.41 1.52 3.2 1.7 3.1 1.6 2.85 1.70 2.74 1.39 Mandibular body length 80.95 SND × × 76.10 1.88 × × × × × × × × Mandibular plane angle 25.21 GO-GN-SN 31 5.1 28.52 2.25 × × × × × × × × Gonial angle 117.97 OP-SN 13.3 4.3 13.19 1.61 × × × × × × × × Occlusal plane 8.77 Interincisal angle 124.8 6.9 125.08 2.2 124.1 8.4 130.0 8.8 132.70 1.30 116.06 2.29 Wits analysis 0.40 U1 TO NA 24.8 5.6 24.37 1.91 × × × × × × × × Maxillary protrusion -1.96 U1 TO NA linear 5.3 2.6 4.10 0.77 × × × × × × × × Mandibular protrusion -7.92 L1 TO NB 27.8 4.3 27.15 2.67 × × × × × × × × Upper incisor inclination 116.35 L1 TO NB linear 6.1 2.1 5.50 1.64 × × × × × × × × Lower incisor inclination 95.09 [Table/Fig-1]: Craniofacial morphology of Saudi [1], Bangladeshi [2], Egyptian [7] and American [7], Malaysian [5] and Japanese population [9].