British Journal of Educational Technology
doi:10.1111/bjet.12753
Vol 0 No 0 2019 1–20
© 2019 British Educational Research Association
Tracing research trends of 21st-century learning skills
Vered Silber-Varod , Yoram Eshet-Alkalai and Nitza Geri
Vered Silber-Varod serves as the Director of the Open Media and Information Lab (OmiLab) at The Open University of
Israel. She is a former Research Fellow at the Research Center for Innovation in Learning Technologies. Her research
interests focus on various aspects of speech sciences and speech and text analytics, with expertise in speech prosody,
conversation intelligence and speech technologies. Yoram Eshet-Alkalai is a Full Professor at the Open University
of Israel, Department of Education and Psychology, and Head of the MA program in Technology and Learning
Systems. He is the founder and formerly Head of the Research Center for Innovation in Learning Technologies. His
major research interests focus on digital literacy, cognitive aspects of working with digital technologies, academic
dishonesty, online reading, digital games and design principles of computer-based learning environments. Nitza Geri
is an Associate Professor at the Open University of Israel, Department of Management and Economics, and Head
of Accounting studies. Formerly, she was the Head of the Research Center for Innovation in Learning Technologies.
Her research interests focus on the value of information and knowledge: strategic information systems, information
economics, attention economy, knowledge management, value creation, theory of constraints and effectiveness
of e-learning. Address for correspondence: Vered Silber-Varod, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road,
Ra’anana, Israel, 4353701. Email: vereds@openu.ac.il, veredsilber@gmail.com
Introduction
Today, with the constant introduction of fast and ever-changing educational technologies, in-
structors and learners alike are challenged with the need to master a wide range of competen-
cies, collectively termed 21
st
-century (21-C) learning skills (Hwang, Lai, & Wang, 2015; Voogt &
Roblin, 2012). Due to the frequent changes in learning technologies and learning environments,
Abstract
Recently, learning technologies have become a pivotal constituent of teaching–learning
processes. Contemporary studies indicate that in order to effectively utilize these
technologies, instructors and learners alike must master a range of cognitive and socio-
emotional competencies, commonly termed “digital literacy competencies” or “21
st
century skills.” This study employs a content analysis methodology to trace trends of
change in the research of core digital literacy competencies as reflected in the
educational academic literature of the past 37 years (1980–2016). Based on well-
established frameworks of digital literacy competencies, this research examined seven
skills: Collaboration, Communication, Creativity, Critical thinking, Information
literacy, Problem-solving and Socio-emotional skills. Data were collected through
advanced search queries of peer-reviewed publications in the Education Resources
Information Center (ERIC) database. Findings reveal that among the examined terms,
Communication is the most prominent digital literacy skill, followed by Problem Solving
and Collaboration. Furthermore, within the context of Skills, the most prominent terms
are Information Literacy and Critical thinking; Technology and Collaboration are least
mentioned. Our findings suggest that awareness of digital learning competencies in
educational research literature is marginal, implying that educational research seems
to lag behind the need to understand the ever-changing digital competencies that
instructors and learners need.