Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 22 (2020) 100354 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/segan Multi-class EV charging and performance-based regulation service in a residential smart parking lot Hassan Khalkhali, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian ∗ Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran article info Article history: Received 19 February 2020 Received in revised form 8 April 2020 Accepted 14 April 2020 Available online 20 April 2020 Keywords: Conditional neutrality Electric vehicles Fast-charge Performance-based regulation service Real-time planning Stochastic programming abstract Electric vehicles are becoming an indispensable part of modern cities and power grids through their versatile and fast-response charge and discharge characteristics. Currently, smart parking lots in residential areas mainly provide slow-charging services and possibly participate in demand response programs. However, the fast emerging of EV fast-charge has brought the necessity to provide new installations and planning frameworks to cater a high level of energy within a small non-shiftable time fraction for this type of power demand. Also, due to its random nature and high power demand, fast charge may inflict heavy fluctuations to the grid. In this paper, the EV aggregator’s task in a parking lot is modeled to also incorporate fast-charge services. Through using the aggregate capacity of slow- charged EVs in the parking lot as a sourcing–sinking resource, the fast-charge demand fluctuations are guaranteed to be safely absorbed. Besides, the flexibility of slow-charged EVs is also used to perform the newly-restructured regulation services which credits the participants not only based on the offered capacities but also on their real-time regulation performance. A real-time stochastic approach is introduced to take care of the aggregator’s extensive planning for both slow and fast- charging EVs besides procuring dynamic regulation to the grid. This approach significantly lowers charging costs for aggregators in exchange for sophisticated scheduling task to use the available resources more efficiently. The effectiveness of the proposed method in handling the energy and regulation management is demonstrated through several case studies. © 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1. Introduction Electric vehicles are regarded as major constituents of the future sustainable grids. The use of electrical energy instead of fossil fuels remarkably reduces air pollutant levels in urban areas. Additionally, EVs are gaining tremendous attention from power grid operators as responsive loads. Sustainable power grids at- tempt to lower reliance on the conventional electricity generation through using large-scale renewable generation plants which are, however, intermittent in nature. Demand response from EVs, if carefully scheduled, can play a vital role in coping with these generation fluctuations helping the grid operators in maintain- ing balance between supply and demand [1,2]. However, the challenges brought forward by EVs should also be addressed. Un- coordinated EV charging can jeopardize the network security and inflict heavy costs on involved parties and stipulate reinforcement of the electricity installations [3]. In addition, the EV owners, the grid, and even the trans- mission system operators may pursue different goals which, if ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: khalkhali@aut.ac.ir (H. Khalkhali), hosseinian@aut.ac.ir (S.H. Hosseinian). not coordinated, my further impact the distribution grid [4]. EV owners try to minimize the charging costs and mainly decide on their own consumption and market prices. Grid operator and the transmission system operator care more about the security of supply and avoiding congestion. This conflict of interests amongst different stakeholders has led to creation of demand response programs, including regulation services, by which the interests of all involved entities are met. Today, regulation service (RS) is a well-established frequency-control ancillary service by which the consumers are committed, in exchange for incentives, to help the grid maintain a secure steady power supply. Several research works have addressed the provision of regulation service to serve the interests of different involved parties [5–7]. Also, the recent developments in fast-charge of electric ve- hicles requires new installations, namely fast-charge stations, to accommodate the high-power charging requirement of these types of EVs. Although EVs mainly use slow-charge mode during night hours to get their required energy, factors such as long travels, forgetting to charge during parking hours etc. will always be around. This means that about 15 to 20% of the EV fleet will require fast-charge [8,9]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2020.100354 2352-4677/© 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.