Research Article High Occurrence of Emerged Lophomonas Infection among Patients Suspected of Having Pulmonary Tuberculosis: In-House PCR-Based Evidence Hamed Kalani, 1 Ayeneh Pangh, 2 Maryam Nakhaei, 2 Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi, 2 Mahdi Fakhar , 2 Ali Sharifpour, 2,3 Elham Sadat Banimostafavi, 2,4 and Rabeeh Tabaripour 2 1 Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran 2 Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL), Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 3 Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 4 Department of Radiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Correspondence should be addressed to Mahdi Fakhar; mahdifakhar53@gmail.com Received 21 July 2022; Revised 19 November 2022; Accepted 23 November 2022; Published 1 December 2022 Academic Editor: Meysam Sarshar Copyright © 2022 Hamed Kalani et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Objectives. Lophomonas infection is a respiratory disease in humans that is associated with symptoms of cough, sputum, dyspnea, and sometimes hemoptysis, which shows the importance of diferentiating this disease from tuberculosis and asthma. Methods. Tis study was performed on 216 participants suspected of having tuberculosis who had symptoms of fever, chronic cough, or sputum and were referred to tuberculosis laboratories in three cities in Golestan Province, northeastern Iran, during 2019•2020. A sputum sample was taken from the suspected patients. DNA was extracted from the frozen samples, and an in•house polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the Lophomonas DNA. Results. Out of 216 subjects, 47 (21.75%) were infected with Lophomonas spp. Moreover, 9 patients (4.2%) were infected with tuberculosis. Also, 2 patients had a comorbidity of tuberculosis and Lophomonas infection (P � 0.63). Tere was no signifcant diference in the comparison of symptoms and the rate of Lophomonas infection (P � 0.84), but in the comparison of the set of symptoms of cough, sputum, and fever with those of cough and sputum, cough with fever, sputum with fever, and the rate of Lophomonas infection, there was a signifcant diference (P � 0.012). Conclusions. Lophomonas infection was relatively high in patients suspected of having tuberculosis and due to the similar clinical symptoms of Lophomonas infection and tuberculosis; it is recommended that the sputum samples of subjects suspected of having tuberculosis be examined for this parasite in order to make a correct diagnosis and the patients receive timely treatment and the appropriate medication. 1.Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is an important infectious disease and one of the top 10 causes of death in the world. In 2019, TB killed 1.4 million people, 208,000 of whom were HIV•positive. TB has been reported in all countries and age groups [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report in 2019, the incidence rate of TB was <10 cases per 100,000 subjects in Iran [1, 2]. Golestan Province, in northeastern Iran, is the second most infected province in terms of cases of TB in Iran [3, 4]. Te emergence of lophomoniasis, caused by the pro• tozoan Lophomonas spp., mainly as a commensal inhabitant of cockroaches, is an unusual cause of bronchopulmonary infections [5]. Te fagellated parasite found in airway samples aids in diagnosis, though their morphology is Hindawi Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases Volume 2022, Article ID 2742164, 5 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2742164