IFAC PapersOnLine 51-9 (2018) 206–211
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Peer review under responsibility of International Federation of Automatic Control.
10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.07.034
© 2018, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, traffic developments have shown that we have
to rethink the way we handle the mobility needs of people and
goods to work towards a better environmental compatibility.
In particular, particulate matter pollution in city centers and the
global warming based on greenhouse gas emissions are two
major challenges for modern society that are closely linked to
(road) traffic based on internal combustion engines. Electric
mobility, in terms of battery electric vehicles (BEV), can be
one partial solution to address these challenges and is therefore
currently being promoted by many different stakeholders.
The focus lies on expanding the technology nationwide and in
a timely manner. However, in January 2017 only 34.022 BEVs
were registered in Germany [KBA 2017], which hints at major
impediments to the adoption of the novel technology that
needs to be coped with. The public reluctance of adopting elec-
tric vehicles can be explained by several reasons. On the one
hand, socio-economic factors might play a significant role with
respect to the higher purchase and maintenance costs [Hanke
et al., 2014; Sierzschula et al., 2014]. On the other hand, the
public perception of electric vehicles as a novel and not mature
technology, in contrast to the familiar combustion engine ve-
hicles, might also impede a seamless adoption [Peters &
Dütschke, 2014; Ziefle et al., 2014; Zaunbrecher et al., 2014],
at least in Germany, a country with a long and deeply anchored
combustion vehicle tradition [Kirsch 2000]. In this context,
range preferences and range anxiety in electric vehicles seems
1
STELLA is the acronym for the German term "STandortfindungsmodell für ELektrische LAdeinfrastruktur”, meaning a model for localiza-
tion of electric charging infrastructure.
to play a key role in the reluctance to adopt battery electric
vehicles [Franke & Krems, 2013; Rauh et al., 2015]. Conse-
quently and in addition to the ongoing technical improvement
of the vehicles, the expansion of the charging infrastructure
(CIS) contributes significantly to the concern of potential users
that the range of the batteries might not be enough for the dis-
tances they want to cover [Kim et al. 2017] and drivers´ con-
cerns that there might be no CIS available for recharging when
necessary [Halbey et al. 2015].
Therefore, the identification of optimal locations for fast-
charging infrastructure is crucial to establish both a ubiquitous
and a need-based charging network, which covers the individ-
ual mobility needs of all car drivers and which is commercially
viable in the long term.
2. RELATED WORK
First, it can be stated that planned and promptly deployed fast-
charging networks can compete with networks that arise over
a longer period of time by the market entry and exit of diverse
commercial providers and which are regulated by the rules of
a free market economy [Bernardo et al. 2013].
Bernardo et al. also stated, that organically grown networks are
often characterised by a dense clustering in local areas, while
planned networks have a more uniform coverage and can
therefore cope with area-wide demands. Further, they used the
Keywords: site identification, electric charging infrastructure, requirement analysis, electric mobility.
Abstract: The spread of a charging infrastructure for battery electric vehicles is crucial for both coping with
the increasing number of electric vehicles and reducing users’ impediments to adoption. Therefore, the
selection of optimal (fast-)charging locations determines acceptance, utilization, and thus, the economic
viability of a single site or the whole charging network. The methodology of the Integrated Model Ap-
proach STELLA
1
for site identification for a charging infrastructure transmits proven methods of traffic
modeling in a new context. It is already possible to make statements regarding the positioning of the charg-
ing infrastructure as well as the expectable quantitative needs of charging stations during the early stages
of infrastructure planning processes to target a nationwide, ubiquitous and needs-based charging network,
by combining different data (e. g. transport networks and traffic volumes, settlement structures, vehicle
characteristics, power supply data and user requirements) and refining classic four-step traffic modelling.
Due to the structure of the method, a flexible combination, extension or transferability to other contents is
possible. Currently, this method has been developed for a planning area that covers the entire territory of
the Federal Republic of Germany.
*Chair and Institute of Urban and Transportation Planning (ISB), RWTH Aachen University,
Germany (e-mail: brost@isb.rwth-aachen.de).
**Chair of Communication Science, Human-Computer Interaction Center (HCIC), RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Waldemar Brost*, Teresa Funke*, Ralf Philipsen**, Teresa Brell**, Martina Ziefle**
Integrated Model Approach STELLA
Method of Site Identification for Charging Infrastructure