© 2020 JETIR December 2020, Volume 7, Issue 12 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) JETIR2012266 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 505 HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS (HAI): CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT Ms. Nidhi Yadav 1 , Dr. Varsha Nigam Gour 2 1 Research Scholar, 2 Associate Professor, 1 School of Microbiology, Himalaya University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Abstract: The prevalence of hospital acquired infections (HAI), commonly called as nosocomial infection in medical terms still exists in major well developed hospitals in many countries. The aim is to check for the level of hospital acquired infection and their level, steps taken to control and effective management of the same. Using standard protocol 100 staffs and 50 patients were taken for the study. Only intensive care units (ICU) patients were taken for study since the rate of infection is very high among these patients. Questionnaires were distributed to collect data and thorough observation was done throughout the hospital on what steps and procedures they are following for the prevention of hospital acquired infection. Study revealed that even though they strictly stick to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), the level of hospital acquired infection sometimes exceeds the benchmark. Index Terms: HAI, Nosocomial infection, SSI, BSI, UTI, VAP, Infection control . I. INTRODUCTION “Hospital is the place for cure” – this comes to our mind when we think about the hospital. Treating the patients under same roof was considered as a revolutionary idea, and was expected that it will ease the job of healing. But it turned wrong in Pre- Listerian era because of lack of knowledge on sterilization and antisepsis. Gangrene and death were almost mandatory for the patients suffering from wounds. This lead into development of new discipline called as senics which was dealing with the nosocomial infections (Hospital– acquired infections). In 1861, Semmelwis observed the association of Puerperal sepsis with the attendants on patients by medical officers and students and he was successful to bring a dramatic reduction in infection rate by the introduction of hand washing with chlorinated lime. Hospital acquired infections also called nosocomial infections are defined as infections developing in the patients after admission to hospital, which were neither present nor in incubation at the time of hospitalization. Such infections may manifest during their stay in hospital or, sometimes, after the patient is discharged. Patient in hospital are likely to get sick due to a new variety of microorganisms responsible for wide spectrum of hospital infection. So, hospital has increasingly become unsafe place for patient during their stay. Infection is a health hazard of great expense and significance affecting the final outcome of treatment. Infection control (IC) is a quality standard and is essential for the wellbeing and safety of patients, staff and visitors. It affects most departments of the hospital and involves issues of quality, risk management, clinical governance and health and safety. II. OBJECTIVES  To examine whether nosocomial infection is under control.  To check whether BSI, SSI, UTI and VAP are below bench mark.  To provide suggestions to keep HAI under control. Common hospital acquired infection: 1. Blood Streamline Infections (BSI) 2. Surgical Site Infections (SSI) 3. Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) 4. Ventilated Associated Pneumonia (VAP) III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE According to Linchuan Wang in 2018, 102 out of 1347 patients experienced NI. Among them, 87 were device-associated infection. The overall prevalence of NI was 7.57% with varied rates from 7.19 to 7.73% over the 3 years. The lower respiratory tract (43 .1%), urinary tract (26.5%) and bloodstream (20.6%) infections accounted for the majority of infections. The device-associated infection rates of urinary catheter, central catheter and ventilator were 9.8, 7.4 and 7.4 per 1000 days, respectively.The most frequently isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (20.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.7%). Multivariate analysis showed that the categories D or E of Average Severity of Illness Score (ASIS), length of stay (10 –30, 30–60, ≥60 days), immunosuppressive therapy and ventilator use are the independent risk factors for RICU infection with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.65 (95% CI: 1.15~2.37), 5.22 (95% CI: 2.63~10.38)), 2.32 (95% CI: 1.19~4.65), 8.93 (95% CI: 3.17~21.23), 31.25 (95% CI: 11.80~63.65)) and 2.70 (95% CI: 1.33~5.35), respectively.