Research Article A Comparative State-of-the-Art Constrained Metaheuristics Framework for TRUSS Optimisation on Shape and Sizing Bahareh Etaati , 1 Amin Abdollahi Dehkordi, 2 Ali Sadollah , 3 Mohammed El-Abd , 4 and Mehdi Neshat 5 1 Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Tehran, Iran 2 Computer Engineering Department, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran 4 College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, American University of Kuwait, Salmiya, Kuwait 5 Center for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation, Torrens University Australia, Brisbane, Australia Correspondence should be addressed to Bahareh Etaati; b.etaati91@aut.ac.ir Received 4 February 2022; Revised 27 February 2022; Accepted 28 February 2022; Published 26 March 2022 Academic Editor: Man Fai Leung Copyright©2022BaharehEtaatietal.isisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In order to develop the dynamic effectiveness of the structures such as trusses, the application of optimisation methods plays a significantroleinimprovingtheshapeandsizeofelements.However,conjoiningtwoheterogeneousvariables,nodalcoordinates andcross-sectionalelements,makesachallengingoptimisationproblemthatisnonlinear,multimodal,large-scalewithdynamic constraints. To handle these challenges, evolutionary and swarm optimisation algorithms can be robust and practical tools and showgreatpotentialtosolvesuchcomplexproblems.ispaperproposedacomparativetrussoptimisationframeworktosolve twolarge-scalestructures,including314-barand260-bartrusses.eproposedframeworkconsistsoftwelvestate-of-the-artbio- inspired algorithms. e experimental results show that the marine predators algorithm (MPA) performed best compared with other algorithms in terms of convergence speed and the quality of the proposed designs of the trusses. 1. Introduction e dynamic performance of structures exposed to various dynamic loading is connected with their fundamental nat- ural frequencies. For instance, prior knowledge of the natural frequencies of a structure may help prevent the vibrationandnoiseproducedunderdynamicloadings,such as wind or earthquake. As a result, obtaining the optimal sizing and layout of structures with frequency constraints is exceptionally important to enhance the dynamic behaviour of structures [1]. Trussoptimisationhasbeenattractingmanyresearchers overthepastdecadesasoneofthemostsignificantsubjects in structural engineering. Design variables include the truss sizing, shape, and topology, and the main optimisation problemsincludetheoptimisationofthedesignvariables.In mostofthecasestudies,thesizeofbarscomesfromasetof discrete values; therefore, the applications of the discrete optimisationmethodsareconsiderable(forfurtherstudyon the discrete optimisation methods see [2]). Most studies were conducted to obtain the optimal set of sizing variables in order to minimize the structural weight. However, the optimal structural weight depends on different design var- iables rather than just one. For example, the optimal truss shapeisaffectedbyitstopologyandsizeandviceversa.With this in mind, the simultaneous optimisation of design variables with frequency constraints has attracted many researchers recently. Nevertheless, coupling shape and sizing variables may lead to mathematical difficulties, nonoptimal solutions, and occasionally divergence problems. Additionally, frequency constraints are extremely nonlinear, nonconvex, and im- plicit regarding design variables [3]. erefore, global op- timisation algorithms, which are able to find the global best solutioninthesearchspace,couldbeagoodsolutiontotruss shape and sizing optimisation with frequency constraints. Hindawi Mathematical Problems in Engineering Volume 2022, Article ID 6078986, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6078986