Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cities journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cities Re-framing urban green spaces planning for flood protection through socio- ecological resilience in Bandung City, Indonesia Dian Afriyanie a, ⁎ , Miga M. Julian b,c , Akhmad Riqqi b , Roos Akbar d , Djoko S.A. Suroso d , Iwan Kustiwan d a Doctoral Program in Regional and City Planning, School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Indonesia b Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia c Geographic Information Science, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena (FSU-Jena), Jena, Germany d Department of Regional and City Planning, School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Indonesia ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Urban green spaces Spatial planning Socio-ecological resilience Flood protection Ecosystem services ABSTRACT An increasing number of studies use the advantages of the ecosystem services (ES) framework compared to the standard approach for identifying priority locations for urban green spaces. Few of these studies discuss the disparities between supply and demand of ES, which are dependent on spatial relationships and even fewer reveal the impact of land use zoning on disparities in ES. We advance the ES framework by examining the equitable distribution and resilient supply of flood protection of urban green spaces in Bandung City. To illus- trate supply, we used land cover-based methods to produce flood protection benefits whereas we used the IPCC Risk Framework to generate flood risk for indicating demand. This study found that the distribution of urban green spaces is not equitably distributed and green space locations do not offer resilient supply of flood pro- tection. Moreover, Bandung's existing zoning regulations will exacerbate these problems in the future. This paper provides insights into the considerations for determining spatial priorities in planning urban green spaces especially for flood protection and co-leverage of flood adaptation and mitigation measures. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates how to re-frame urban green spaces planning through socio-ecological resilience to inform the decision-making process in delivering inclusive urban ES. 1. Introduction The increasing conversion of urban green spaces puts more pressure on the structure and function of urban ecosystems. These pressures, in turn, affect the production of urban ecosystem services. Land use changes in urban areas are mostly driven by an increase in the demand for land for community and economic activities. This will ultimately reduce the carrying capacity of urban ecosystems. Understanding this trend is therefore critical in managing and planning urban green spaces, as a deteriorating quantity and quality of urban green spaces will affect their ability to benefit human well-being (Afriyanie, Akbar, & Suroso, 2018; Li, Wang, Paulussen, & Liu, 2005; Niemela, 2014; Tzoulas et al., 2007). Since the early twentieth century, planning and determining the size and location of urban green spaces has followed the standard approach of setting minimum allocation standards (Olsson, 2012). However, Byrne and Sipe (2010) argue that many local governments have failed to apply these standards because of development pressures. Ultimately, this leads to the failure of cities to provide quality urban green spaces for their urban population. Most Indonesian city governments have failed to meet the required minimum 30% ratio of urban green spaces to total municipality area as mandated by Law No. 32/2009 regarding Protection and Management of the Environment (Afriyanie et al., 2018), not to mention their failure in ensuring its quality. A “needs- based assessment” is an alternative approach in providing urban green spaces, especially parks and open spaces (Byrne & Sipe, 2010). This approach takes into consideration the socio-demographic and biophy- sical characteristics of an area - something the standard approach tends to overlook. However, Afriyanie et al. (2018) argued that the needs- based assessment may neglect the sustainability of urban ecosystems, since its main concern is the preferences and demand of urban popu- lations for green spaces and parks, instead of balancing such demands with urban ecosystem sustainability. In planning theory, it is arguably minimal attention to the ecological https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102710 Received 19 May 2019; Received in revised form 12 February 2020; Accepted 20 March 2020 ⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Regional and City Planning, School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Indonesia, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia. E-mail address: dian.afriyanie@gmail.com (D. Afriyanie). Cities 101 (2020) 102710 0264-2751/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T