Aquaculture Research. 2020;00:1–13. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/are | 1 © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd 1 | INTRODUCTION In the recent years, heavy metals have entered in the environ- mental chain (Fatoki, Okoro, Adekola, Ximba, & Snyman, 2012; Hartung & Rovida, 2009; Jin et al., 2015; Okoro, Fatoki, Adekola, Ximba, & Snyman, 2014), resulting in significant negative con- sequences for humans (Mendil & Uluozlu, 2007) and aquatic or- ganisms (Vosyliene & Jankaite, 2006). These adverse effects are not only as a result of high toxicity (Arita & Costa, 2009; Bertin & Averbeck, 2006; Duffus, 2002; Liu, Qu, & Kadiiska, 2009; Salnikow & Zhitkovich, 2007; Tchounwou, Centeno, & Patlolla, 2004; Wang, Liang, Li, & Chang, 2013), but also as a result of their bioaccumu- lation in organisms (Swarnalatha, Letha, Ayoob, & Nair, 2015). The latter depends on the time of exposure (Mountouris, Voutsas, & Tassios, 2002), as well as on the chemical nature of the metals, ionic strength and pH (Baldisserotto, Chowdhury, & Wood, 2005). Many studies have implicated the toxicity of heavy metals, with carcinoge- nicity (Arita & Costa, 2009; Salnikow & Zhitkovich, 2007; Tchounwou, Received: 25 November 2019 | Revised: 2 April 2020 | Accepted: 4 April 2020 DOI: 10.1111/are.14660 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Comparative study of the effects of heavy metals on embryonic development of zebrafish Evangelia Gouva 1,2 | Cosmas Nathanailides 1 | Ioannis Skoufos 1 | Ioannis Paschos 1 | Fotini Athanassopoulou 2 | Ioannis S. Pappas 2 1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Arta, Greece 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece Correspondence Evangelia Gouva, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Arta, 47100 Arta, Greece. Email: egouva@uoi.gr Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of heavy metals, such as copper, zinc, iron, cobalt, chromium, aluminium, manganese and molybdenum, on zebrafish egg hatch- ing rate and the subsequent survival rate of the larvae. Each metal was used in the various concentrations of0.05 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 500 mg/L to detect the threshold limit of tolerance. The study's results showed significant differences in the hatching and survival rate of larvae between the control group and most of the experimental groups when adding heavy metals in various concentrations. The highest concentra- tion (500 mg/L) of the induced heavy metals tested in this study resulted in total egg or larval mortality within 96 hr and significantly lower egg or larval life expectancy. Among the tested metals, zinc and molybdenum had the most significant impact on hatching time, in contrast to iron that did not differentiate the results from the con- trol group. Copper, cobalt, chromium, aluminium and manganese did affect zebrafish eggs depending on their exposure concentrations, which differentiated the results from the control group. Also, the study's findings demonstrate a significant depend- ence of the hatched egg heart rate on the metal concentration, and in particular, higher concentrations of metals correspond to higher heart rate. Zinc, Molybdenum and copper was proved to be the most toxic heavy metals causing increased hazard rate to mortality up to 96 hr and shorter life expectancy. Finally, skeletal deformities that occasionally observed did not significantly affect the total life expectancy of the hatched eggs. KEYWORDS copper, hatching, molybdenum, survival, zinc