International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1229 THERMAL MANAGEMENT IN EV Sayed Umar Masood 1 , Mohd Qasim Farooqui 2 , Zishan Shahzad 3 , Moazzam Farooque 4 1 Sayed Umar Masood, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India 2 Mohd Qasim Farooqui, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India 3 Zishan Shahzad, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India 4 Moazzam Farooque, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Optimum performance and efficiency of battery packs can be obtained in certain Temperature Range; to achieve this we must have a fail-proof thermal management system. Extensive Simulations were conducted on the battery model with different cooling systems like Air cooling, Liquid Cooling, Thermoelectric Cooling (TEC) and thorough results were taken down. All three cooling systems have been extensively studied and it is found out that they can lower the temperature of battery significantly, but Thermoelectric Cooling shows potential drop in battery temperatures to desired range, ultimately making the battery Thermally safe, Stable and efficient. Also, Simulation results were analyzed for further improvement in the thermal efficiency of the battery pack. 1. INTRODUCTION Advances in electric vehicle batteries have allowed them to deliver more power and require less charge, but one of the biggest challenges to battery safety is designing an effective cooling system. Electric vehicles generate heat when the batteries are discharged. The faster the battery discharges, the more heat it generates. The battery works on the principle of voltage difference, high temperature excites the electrons inside, reducing the voltage difference between the two sides of the battery. Batteries are designed to operate only within certain extreme temperature ranges and will cease to function if a cooling system is not in place to keep them within that operating range. The cooling system must be able to maintain the battery pack in the temperature range of approximately 20-40°C and keep the temperature difference within the battery pack to a minimum (5°C or less). Here are the parameters that affect battery performance with increasing temperature: Battery life If the internal temperature difference is large, the charging and discharging rate of each cell will be different, which may reduce the performance of the battery pack. Potential thermal stability issues such as: Overheating of the battery or uneven temperature distribution in the battery pack can lead to reduced capacity, thermal runaway, fire explosion, etc. . Faced with life-threatening safety issues, the electric vehicle industry needs innovation to improve battery cooling systems. 2. COOLING SYSTEM IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES The basic types of cooling system in electric vehicle are listed below: 1. Lithium-Ion Battery Cooling 2. Phase Changing Material Cooling 3. Air Cooling 4. Liquid Cooling 5. Thermo-Electric Cooling 2.1 Lithium-ion battery Lithium is a very simple metal and falls under the alkaline group of the periodic table. It has three electrons and an electronic configuration of 1s2,2s1. Lithium has a very high tendency for electron loss, and this area makes lithium very unstable. Although lithium metal oxides are a stable form of lithium. Individual lithium-ion cells can reach very high voltage due to the very high efficiency of metal. A lithium-ion battery consists of several modules connected to a series and each module contains individual cells connected in series and compatible. Lithium-ion battery consists of three main components: 1. Lithium Metal oxide, 2. Electrolyte, 3. Graphite. Electrolyte separates lithium metal oxide from graphite. Lithium-ion batteries operate in two stages: Charging and discharging. During the charging stage, it connects the cell to the power source. It connects lithium Metal Oxide to a direct terminal (anode) and connects graphite with a negative terminal (cathode). The electron in the lithium valence shell is attracted to a fine energy source terminal. Electrolyte acts as a guard and does not allow electrons to pass. Electrons pass through the outer supply and reach the graphite layer, and in the meantime, lithium- ion (Li +) passes through the electrolyte and is trapped in the space between the graphite. When all the lithium-ion is trapped inside a solid graphite sheet, the cell is fully charged. Lithium-ion and Electron built-in charging is a very unstable platform so when a power source is replaced the load the battery starts to leak out. Lithium-ion travels to the metal