https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518812065 Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1–24 © The Author(s) 2018 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/0886260518812065 journals.sagepub.com/home/jiv Original Research Adaptation, Rationality, and Manipulation: Insight Into Kidnappers’ Modus Operandi in the South Eastern States of Nigeria Smart Egwu Otu, 1 Macpherson Uchenna Nnam, 1 and Uchenna Kalu Uduka 2 Abstract Kidnappers’ modus operandi (MO) is defined as consisting of a summary of strategies used by kidnappers both to get close to the victims and then do the crime. Utilizing a naturalistic methodological approach, we interviewed 86 kidnappers in two prisons. Insight into the MO of systematic kidnapping is gained, discussed, and is briefly compared with earlier work on the systematic MO of armed robbers, both similar but somehow distinct high-profile and common crimes in contemporary Nigeria. Common types of kidnappers’ MO are presented, showing their point of convergence with that of armed robbery. These are “trick-mild,” “surprise-violence,” “blitz-terror,” “bold- con-confidence,” or a combination of any two of these MOs, and they are predicated on rational choice, convenience, and social learning theories. It is suggested that a number of considerations, adaptations, and manipulation- intrigues intertwines at some point in time and place to influence decision- making process regarding the choice of an MO. Understanding the MOs of kidnappers will assist both potential victims and law enforcement officers, relationship with the offenders, and increase public safety. 1 Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria 2 Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria Corresponding Author: Smart Egwu Otu, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, P.M.B 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State 480231, Nigeria. Email: smartotu@yahoo.com 812065JIV XX X 10.1177/0886260518812065Journal of Interpersonal ViolenceOtu et al. research-article 2018