Citation: Antipov, A.; Pichugov, R.;
Abunaeva, L.; Tong, S.; Petrov, M.;
Pustovalova, A.; Speshilov, I.;
Kartashova, N.; Loktionov, P.;
Modestov, A.; et al. Halogen Hybrid
Flow Batteries Advances for
Stationary Chemical Power Sources
Technologies. Energies 2022, 15, 7397.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197397
Academic Editor: Roberto Bubbico
Received: 9 September 2022
Accepted: 5 October 2022
Published: 9 October 2022
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energies
Review
Halogen Hybrid Flow Batteries Advances for Stationary
Chemical Power Sources Technologies
Anatoly Antipov
1,
* , Roman Pichugov
1
, Lilia Abunaeva
1
, Shengfu Tong
2,
*, Mikhail Petrov
1
,
Alla Pustovalova
1
, Ivan Speshilov
1
, Natalia Kartashova
1
, Pavel Loktionov
1
, Alexander Modestov
3
and Artem Glazkov
1
1
EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
2
Sustainable Energy Materials and Science, Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua 321019, China
3
Electrocatalysis Laboratory, The Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS,
119071 Moscow, Russia
* Correspondence: 89636941963antipov@gmail.com (A.A.); shengfutong@gmail.com (S.T.)
Abstract: This review aims to highlight the current advances in hybrid redox flow battery (HRFB)
technology, encompassing one of the best combinations of efficiency, cost and flexibility due to
its module construction, which offers independent scaling of power density and energy capacity.
This work emphasizes the interest of the scientific community both in (i) studying the properties
and principles of HRFB operation in order to improve commonly proposed systems, and in (ii) the
development of energy storage devices with new reagent types or RFB concepts. The data provided
enhances the reader to conclude whether novel concepts in halogen oxidizers utilization could help
to overcome the problem of insufficient power and energy densities of common RFB.
Keywords: hybrid flow batteries; zinc-bromine flow batteries; hydrogen-bromate flow batteries;
halogen electrolytes
1. Introduction
The well-known 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are at the hearing today
to form the 2030 ecological agenda majors [1]. Among them, the reliable technologies to
provide energy in a sustainable way are limited by insufficient usage of renewable energy
sources. Due to the intermittent availability of the latter, the demand for effective energy
storage systems (ESS) today is of crucial importance.
The distributed energy resources (DER) model is another ace in the hole that offers
more flexible and integrative energy storage mechanisms within the local power grid
close to the end user, thus minimizing the demand for power transmission lines usage [2].
An essential solution to the problem of energy accumulation and storage in distributed
networks is the use of chemical power sources (CPS). Among the most effective energy
systems for stationary applications, a special place is occupied by redox flow battery (RFB)
technology, encompassing easy scalability with independent scaling of power density and
energy capacity, no detrimental effects of a deep discharge, very low self-discharge, low
cost for a large system compared to other types of batteries, and long cycle life [3].
However, the wide distribution and commercialization of flow batteries are currently
hindered by their insufficient energy capacity and power, primarily due to the low energy
density of reagents used [4]. To achieve significant capacity, the electrolyte tanks have to be
large enough, along with the aqueous electrolyte, which often makes the battery very heavy
and suitable only for stationary applications. Hybrid flow batteries (e.g., zinc-bromine,
zinc-cerium, zinc-iron, iron-iron), which have a liquid-solid electrochemical reaction, are
prone to additional degradation due to dendrite formation and increased resistance, while
the common all-liquid systems such as vanadium and polysulfide bromide often require
Energies 2022, 15, 7397. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197397 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies