Research Article Beneficial Effects of Bauhinia rufa Leaves on Oxidative Stress, Prevention, and Treatment of Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6 Mice Paola dos Santos da Rocha , 1 Sarah Lam Orué , 1 Daniel Ferreira Leite , 1 Priscilla Pereira de Toledo Espindola, 1 Nadla Soares Cassemiro , 2 Denise Brentan da Silva , 2 Carlos Alexandre Carollo , 2 Valéria Nunes-Souza, 3 Luiza Antas Rabelo , 4 Jaqueline Ferreira Campos , 1 Letícia Miranda Fernandes Estevinho, 5 Edson Lucas dos Santos , 1 and Kely de Picoli Souza 1 1 Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism (GEBBAM), Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12, Dourados, MS 79804-970, Brazil 2 Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil 3 Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Professor Moraes Rêgo, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil 4 Laboratório de Reatividade Cardiovascular, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil 5 Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal Correspondence should be addressed to Kely de Picoli Souza; kelypicoli@gmail.com Received 11 August 2022; Revised 13 October 2022; Accepted 27 October 2022; Published 25 November 2022 Academic Editor: Fatma M. El-Demerdash Copyright © 2022 Paola dos Santos da Rocha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Obesity is an epidemic disease worldwide, associated with oxidative stress and the development of several other diseases. Bauhinia rufa (Bong.) Steud. is a native Brazilian Cerrado medicinal plant popularly used for the treatment of obesity. In this context, we investigated the chemical composition of the methanolic extract of B. rufa leaves (MEBr) and evaluated the antioxidant activity and its impact on the prevention and treatment of obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD 60%). Additionally, the acute oral toxicity of MEBr was evaluated. In MEBr, 17 glycosylated compounds were identified, including myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, coumaroyl, cyanoglucoside, and megastigmane. In vitro, MEBr showed antioxidant activity in different methods: DPPH • , ABTS •+ , FRAP, iron-reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching, and inhibition of DNA fragmentation. In human erythrocytes, MEBr increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Under oxidative stress, MEBr reduced oxidative hemolysis, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels generated in erythrocytes. Mice treated acutely with MEBr (2000 mg/kg) showed no signs of toxicity. During 90 days, the mice received water or MEBr simultaneously with HFD for induction of obesity. At this stage, MEBr was able to reduce the gain of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) and prevent the increase of MDA in the heart and brain. After 180 days of HFD for obesity induction, mice that received MEBr simultaneously with HFD (HFD-MEBr) in the last 60 days of treatment (120-180 days) showed a reduction of retroperitoneal and mesenteric WAT deposits and MDA levels in the heart, liver, kidney, and brain, compared to the HFD-Control group. These effects of MEBr were similar to mice treated with sibutramine (HFD-Sibutramine, 2 mg/kg). Combined, the results show that compounds from the leaves of B. rufa affect controlling oxidative stress and actions in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Thus, associated oxidative stress reduction and body composition modulation, in obese people, can contribute to the prevention of obesity-related comorbidities and improve quality of life. Hindawi Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2022, Article ID 8790810, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8790810