The rare Holsteinian (Mazovian) interglacial limnic deposits in the Ksia ˛ _ znica outcrop at Krzczon  ow (near  Swidnica), Sudetic Foreland Dariusz Krzyszkowski a , Lucyna Wachecka-Kotkowska b, * , Malgorzata Malkiewicz c , Zdzislaw Jary a , Klara Tomaszewska d , Monika Niska e , El _ zbieta My  skow f , Jerzy Raczyk a , Wojciech Drzewicki c , Dawid Hamryszczak c , Jerzy Nawrocki g , Dariusz Ciszek h , Monika Rzodkiewicz i , Jarmila Krzymi  nska j , Jacek Skurzy  nski a , Piotr Jezierski c a Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wroclaw, Pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland b Institute of Earth Science, Department of Geomorphology and Palaeogeography, University of Lodz, Narutowicza 88, 90-139 L od z, Poland c Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Cybulskiego 30, 50-205 Wroclaw, Poland d Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland e Institute of Geography and Regional Studies, Pomeranian University in Slupsk, Partyzant ow 27, 76-200 Slupsk, Poland f Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland g Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland h Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Lower Silesian Branch, al. Jaworowa 19, 53-122 Wroclaw, Poland i Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Department of Quaternary Geology and Paleogeography, University of Adam Mickiewicz, B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Pozna n, Poland j Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Marine Geology Branch in Gda nsk-Oliwa, Ko scierska 5, 80-328 Gda nsk, Poland article info Article history: Received 27 February 2017 Received in revised form 23 September 2017 Accepted 28 September 2017 Available online xxx Keywords: Holsteinian (Mazovian) Fluvial/lacustrine sedimentation Palaeolake Multiproxy studies Sudetic foreland South-western Poland abstract The article presents the results of research on peats, muds and sands filling a palaeocavity within alluvial fans of the Bystrzyca River valley, in the Sudetic Foreland of SW Poland. In the 534-cm deep research profile in the central part of a palaeolake, 267 samples were collected at an interval of 2 cm and litho- logically (structural and textural studies), palaeobotanically (studies of diatoms, pollen plant macrofossils and fossil wood), palaeozoologically (Cladocera, Mollusca and Ostracoda), geochemically (chemical el- ements and isotopes) and palaeomagnetically analyzed. The profile consists of three parts: organic with mineral layers (lower), mineral (middle), and organic (upper). The palynological diagram was divided into three zones that represent local sets of pollen zones. This diagram, although incomplete, is clearly indicative of the younger part of the Holsteinian (Mazovian: pollen III and IV periods interglacial). The upper part of the diagram consists of four local pollen zones that are correlated with stadial and interstadial periods. Analysis of several samples of fossil wood shows the widespread presence of Pinus remains and numerous fragments of rhytidome (bark) of Betula. Development of the peat layer (1.36e0.68 m depth) started with paludification of the forest with the Betula forest. Analysis of Cladocera shows the presence of chitin armor components (species: Chydorus sphaericus, Alona rectangula and ephippia of Alona rectangula) in three samples. Lithological, Cladocera and palaeo-magnetic research, supported by geochemical studies, indicate the existence of at least three main phases. The lake originated during the younger part of the Holsteinian (Mazovian) Intergalcial as an oxbow within the valley, where the deposition of variously thick (up to 1.5 m depth) peats, organic and minerogenic silts (the first stage). In the second phase, a closed, fairly deep late Holsteinian lake continued to exist under relatively warm conditions with mainly mineral deposition from the slope. The lake became shallower and wider, and then more open and better * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: dariusz.krzyszkowski@uwr.edu.pl (D. Krzyszkowski), lucyna.wachecka@geo.uni.lodz.pl (L. Wachecka-Kotkowska), malgorzata.malkiewicz@uwr.edu.pl (M. Malkiewicz), zdzislaw.jary@uwr.edu.pl (Z. Jary), klara.tomaszewska@up.wroc.pl (K. Tomaszewska), monikaniska@wp.pl (M. Niska), elzbieta.myskow@uwr.edu.pl (E. My skow), jerzy.raczyk@uwr.edu.pl (J. Raczyk), wojciech.drzewicki@uwr.edu.pl (W. Drzewicki), dawid.hamryszczak@uwr.edu.pl (D. Hamryszczak), jnaw@pgi.gov.pl (J. Nawrocki), dariusz.ciszek@pgi.gov.pl (D. Ciszek), lutynska@amu.edu.pl (M. Rzodkiewicz), jarmila.krzyminska@pgi.gov.pl (J. Krzymi  nska), jacek.skurzynski@uwr.edu.pl (J. Skurzy nski), piotr.jezierski@uwr.edu.pl (P. Jezierski). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.09.046 1040-6182/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. Quaternary International xxx (2017) 1e31 Please cite this article in press as: Krzyszkowski, D., et al., The rare Holsteinian (Mazovian) interglacial limnic deposits in the Ksia ˛ _ znica outcrop at Krzczon ow (near  Swidnica), Sudetic Foreland, Quaternary International (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.09.046