_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: iliaso2002@yahoo.fr; Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research 18(2): 48-56, 2022; Article no.AJAAR.87826 ISSN: 2456-8864 Water, Energy, Food and Environment Nexus in Six Irrigation Districts from the Spanish Duero Basin Illiassou Naroua a* and Leonor Rodriguez Sinobas b a Departement des Sciences de l’Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Univerité Boubakar Bâ de Tillabéri, Niger. b Research Group “Hydraulic for Irrigation”, Agricultural Engineering School, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid-28040, Spain. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJAAR/2022/v18i230220 Open Peer Review History: This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers, peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here: 87826 https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/ https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/87826 Received 14 March 2022 Accepted 28 May 2022 Published 03 June 2022 ABSTRACT Background and Objective: Irrigated agriculture is a key factor to foster crop production and the agribusiness sector. It also contributes to develop rural areas and maintain the population in Spanish rural villages. However, water resources are not always available to fulfill crop water requirements when needed. In addition, the Spanish Plan for modernization of hydraulic irrigation infrastructures (2000) has increased energy consumption and drastically has raised the energy cost in the last five years. Natural environment in irrigated areas has modified and the application of agrochemicals and pesticides, together with aquifer’s over exploitation, have degraded groundwater quality and have extinct river fishes. In the one hand, the European, National and Regional Normative on ecosystems requirements and services, must be met. On the other hand, farmers want to stay in the rural areas as long as their gross income be higher than the farming’ expenses. Likewise, climate change predictions in semi and arid areas foresee an increase in temperature, which will increase crop water needs, and droughts’ increase. Duero is the second largest Spanish river which supplies water to a larger and depopulated area where agriculture is the major economic sector. The irrigated area has doubled in the last fifteen years and irrigation consumes 85% of total water resources at present. Perspectives for the near future highlight the need to foster rural development and settle population. The challenge ahead is to maintain irrigation but tackling the issues on water scarcity, energy prices and fertilizer cost. This work is aimed at providing some Short Research Article