Chapter
Hot Form and Hot Potato: “Grahamising” the
Romanian Translation of Ulysses
Rareș Moldovan
Abstract
When in 1984 the first Romanian translation of Ulysses – by noted poet and transla-
tor Mircea Ivănescu – was published, it was an epochal achievement. Hailed for its
literary and poetic quality as well as for its technical prowess, the translation became
a gold standard in Romanian literary culture. The aura endures, deservedly for the
most part, although the translation itself has only sporadically been subjected to close
investigation. This chapter examines parts of “Calypso” and “Oxen of the Sun” from
the author’s/(re)translator’s perspective, with a view towards illuminating some of the
micro-processes that can make or break a translation, while offering this translator’s
solutions as well.
Perhaps translators should not write about works they’re (re)translating, at
least while in the process. If this be a valid injunction, here it shall be over-
looked. Should the retranslator also overlook the previous translation and
work in voluntary blindness, in an anxious pocket of unknowing? Or peek un-
derhandedly at its solutions, and by gazing dilute their own? Glancing repeat-
edly at a previous translation feels as uncomfortable as re-translating with the
sensation that the revenant of the old artificer-translator is now looking over
your shoulder while you work. For the purposes of this paper, I have allowed
myself a limited exposure.
In “Oxen of the Sun,” Joyce mentions the illicit operation called “grahamis-
ing” (14.1516) – after the name of an English statesman – which consists of
opening letters addressed to others and learning their secrets, a metaphor I
find apt for my endeavour here. On the same page I encountered – and quickly
borrowed – the other metaphor in the title: “hot form” (14.1516). The mare
1 Don Gifford with Robert J. Seidman, Ulysses Annotated (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: Uni-
versity of California Press, 2008), 446.
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