Research Article EffectofVitaminDSupplementationonInflammatory BiomarkersinSchool-AgedChildrenwithAttentionDeficit HyperactivityDisorder MahsaSamadi , 1 FatemehGholami , 1 MarziehSeyedi , 1 MahmoudJalali, 1 MohammadEﬀatpanah , 2 MirSaeidYekaninejad, 3 MinaAbdolahi, 1 MaryamChamari , 4 andNiyazMohammadzadehHonarvar 1 1 Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2 School of Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran 4 Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Correspondence should be addressed to Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar; niyaz_m.honarvar@yahoo.com Received 26 February 2022; Accepted 31 March 2022; Published 22 August 2022 Academic Editor: Khaled Saad Copyright©2022MahsaSamadietal.isisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background and Objective. Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric and developmental disorders in children. Low serum vitamin D concentration and elevated inﬂammation biomarkers might be involved in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as ADHD. e purpose of this study was to evaluate the eﬀect of vitamin D supplementation on TNF-α and IL-6 levels in children with attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder. Method. is randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 75 school-aged children with a diagnosis of ADHD based on DSM-V criteria. Children were randomly allocated to receive either vitamin D3 (2000IU/day) or a placebo for 3 months. Serum IL-6, TNF-α, and 25(OH) D were assessed before and after the intervention to determine the eﬀects of vitamin D on the highlighted parameters. Results. Serum levels of 25(OH) D increased signiﬁcantly in the vitamin D group (P � 0.01). However, no signiﬁcant diﬀerences in serum IL-6 and TNF-α were found between both groups at the baseline and at the end of the intervention. Conclusion. e ﬁndings revealed that vitamin D supplementation for 3months is not eﬃcacious in reducing inﬂammatory cytokines in children with ADHD. Further studies are required to conﬁrm these results. 1.Introduction Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric and developmental disorders among children and adolescents [1]. It features clinical impairments of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention [2–6]. In addition, these children have challenges with school performance and independent socioeconomic factors [7, 8]. Psychiatric comorbidities of ADHD include aggres- sion, mood disorders, and antisocial behavior [9, 10]. e overall prevalence of ADHD in school-aged children is estimated to be 3–5%, aﬀecting 2–18% of children worldwide [11, 12], and it is estimated that three-quarters of these children retain ADHD symptoms in adulthood [1]. Despite considerable research, the underlying mechanisms leading to ADHD are poorly understood [12, 13]. Some studies indicated that abnormal immune functioning may play a substantial role in the etiology of this disorder. Meanwhile, ADHD has been suggested to contribute to an exaggerated central nervous system (CNS) and inﬂammatory response in a fetus as a result of maternal inﬂammation [14]. Further- more, the elevated levels of proinﬂammatory cytokines such as interleukin IL-6 may be associated with the risk of ADHD. Vitamin D has novel functions beyond its classical roles in bone metabolism. It might regulate brain functions [15] and has signiﬁcant eﬀects on neurodevelopmental diseases Hindawi International Journal of Clinical Practice Volume 2022, Article ID 1256408, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1256408