Vol.:(0123456789) 1 3 Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02324-0 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Bagged tree based anti‑islanding scheme for multi‑DG microgrids Soumesh Chatterjee 1  · Biman Kumar Saha Roy 2 Received: 27 March 2020 / Accepted: 9 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract Microgrids are becoming a prevalent part of the grid due to its’ numerous advantages on energy management system. Microgrids are perceived as the gate way for systematic inclusion of multiple renewable based distributed generations. One of the key concerns for these types of microgrids is detection of absence of the grid. This paper demonstrates a dual use line relay (DULR) based passive detection technique which uses an intelligent electronic device (IED) platform to confrm the islanding condition. Bagged tree ensemble classifer based on synchrophasor measurements has been used in IED as a decision making algorithm. Assorted range of non-islanding and islanding state of afairs have been considered to train the classifer. The measurements obtained from DULR can be used for further analysis at any level of the smart-grid com- munication hierarchy. The proposed scheme has been seen as fast, efective, economic, and having zero non-detection zone, compared to some of the existing techniques. Keywords Anti-islanding scheme · Bagged tree classifer · Dual use line relays (DULR) · Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) · Microgrid 1 Introduction The need of disseminated power resources in modern power system, for better controllability and reliability, is increasing day by day. The serious impediment to abundance of fossil fuels and increasing carbon emission are other inspirations for more investments in the renewable resource based micro- grids. Increased penetration of renewables is introducing new challenges to power system for which revision of exist- ing protection and control strategies has become obligatory. However, technological advancements, e.g. phasor measure- ment unit (PMU), intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), and smart relays are becoming prime supporters for improved protection and control strategies in future grid. There are several issues to deal with DGs in power sys- tem. One of the prime concerns is islanding. The islanding is often described as a situation when DGs continuously feed power to the local loads in absence of the grid. This situation may be a result due to an upstream feeder fault which can initiate the operation of the main feeder recloser. Reclos- ing of breakers generally takes 500 ms to 1 s. Reclosing on an already energized network may lead to severe damages to the equipment connected to network. A dedicated tech- nique should be there (popularly identifed as anti-islanding scheme) which can immediately isolate the DGs from the system. In 2003 IEEE has come up with the standards (IEEE Standards 1547 2003; IEEE Standards 1547 2014) for DG isolation and henceforth amended many times (last updated in 2018). Maximum detection and isolation time have been standardized as 2 s for carefree operation of the recloser (IEEE Standards 1547 2014). Hence rapid and robust island- ing detection scheme or anti-islanding scheme should be present at the DG interfacing point to instantly isolate the DGs during any islanding situation. A lot of research papers have been published in last decade attempting to solve this problem in various ways. All the literature related to the anti- islanding scheme can be broadly classifed to four categories i.e. active, passive, communication based, and hybrid (com- bination of active, passive, and communication) techniques. Some of the prevalent papers from each category have been * Soumesh Chatterjee soumesh.sch@nita.ac.in; biet_soumesh@yahoo.co.in 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Jirania, West Tripura, Tripura 799046, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India