KIMIKA Volume 29, Number 2, pp. 23-29 (2018)
© 2018 Kapisanang Kimika ng Pilipinas
All rights reserved. Printed in the Philippines.
ISSN 0115-2130 (Print); 2508-0911 (Online)
https://doi.org/10.26534/kimika.v29i2.23-29
Lipophilic halogen-free ionic liquid with
antibacterial and anti-bioflm activities
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Kris Corinne DC. Laserna
1
, Christian Deo T. Deguit
1
, Wilfred F. Ong
1
, and Drexel H. Camacho
1,2*
1
Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila
2
Organic Materials and Interfaces Unit, CENSER, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft, Avenue, Manila
ABSTRACT
A halogen-free ionic liquid (IL) designed with long alkyl chain anion is reported. 1-methylimidazolium
stearate (MIM stearate) synthesized through Bronsted acid-base reaction has shown improved lipophilic
character and indications penetrate bacterial cell walls. Antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative
bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were observed. Anti-bioflm assays showed efectivity
against the bioflm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At 50 µg/mL the %bioflm inhibition of MIM stearate
towards P. aeruginosa bioflm formation is comparable to the Bromofuran positive control. Brine shrimp
lethality assay showed weak toxicity indicating the IL to be safe and benign. Te synthesized MIM stearate
showed good promise as an antimicrobial and anti-bioflm agent.
Keywords: ionic liquid; imidazolium stearate; halogen-free ionic liquid; antimicrobial; anti-bioflm;
lipophilic
INTRODUCTION
Bioflm, a group of microorganisms encased in an
extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is a survival
strategy for microbial populations. It poses an
industrial, environmental, health and economic
hazard because bioflms cannot be removed by
gentle rinsing afecting the form, ft and function
of the substrates they attached unto. Moreover,
the EPS, a gel matrix made up of polysaccharides,
proteins, lipids, and other macromolecules holds the
microorganisms together making them resistant to
antimicrobial treatments (Flemming 1996; Bridier
et al. 2011). Bioflm-mediated complications such
as functional failures of implanted medical devices,
biocorrosion of industrial structures and chronic
infection to humans, animals, and plants, have
been a major problem (Lewis, 2001; Costerton
& Wilson, 2004). Tus the efcient control of
microbial bioflms is of particular interest. Tere
has been an active search for potent compounds
that can efectively inhibit bioflm formation.
However, efective anti-bioflm agents that are safe
and environmentally benign are hard to fnd. Plant
extracts (Kodali et al. 2013; Upadhyay et al. 2013;
Viju et al. 2013, Riihinen et al. 2014) and bacterial
polysaccharides (Bernal & Llamas 2012; Karwacki
et al. 2013; Kavita et al. 2014) have been reported
to inhibit bioflm formation but the mechanism is
unknown. Nanoparticles (Kanmani & Lim, 2013;
Lee et al. 2014; Taglietti et al. 2014) and enzymes
(Burton et al. 2006; Gawande et al. 2011) have
been reported to alter the extracellular polymeric
substance (EPS) in bioflms making it susceptible to
antimicrobial treatments. A simple compound that
can penetrate into the EPS and deliver the active
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; email: drexel.camacho@dlsu.edu.ph