1088 Sixteenth Century Journal LII/4 (2021) debates about what criteria made a person noble, debates that ofen considered the types of economic activities that were and were not compatible with an aris- tocratic status” (96) In place of general “Othering,” the book dissects and tax- onomizes the sentiments, professions, histories, and even legal principles evoked by diferent stereotypes If Promise and Peril has a weakness, it is that recognized by the author in the preface: “this book does not fall squarely into any single feld of historical inquiry but is rather an exercise in demonstrating the potential (and, no doubt, pitfalls) of roaming across time and places” (xiv) Te balance between a micro- history and global history shifs disorientingly at times, and diferent chapters do seem to address signifcantly diferent audiences Promise and Peril nonethe- less aims high and achieves an admirable interweaving of felds and methodolo- gies Scholars of early modern identity, professionalism, exchange, and economy will fnd valuable insights as well as a model for interdisciplinary, transnational scholarship qr Rescue the Surviving Souls: Te Great Jewish Refugee Crisis of the Seventeenth Century  Adam Teller Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020 408 pp 7 b&w illus $3500 ISBN 978-069116174-7 Reviewed by: Haggai Olshanetsky Bar Ilan University, Israel When reading the title of this book, one might expect it to deal with one huge Jewish refugee crisis encompassing the whole seventeenth century, or a number of refugee crises that occurred during that century Yet this is not the case Te book actually focuses on a very specifc crisis that befell the Jews of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the middle of the seventeenth century It started with Khmelnytsky’s Cossack rebellion, and continued and intensifed during the Swedish and Russian invasions into the commonwealth Te book covers these three conficts as well as the return of the Jewish refugees, falling in a timespan of nineteen years from 1648 to 1667 Tis refugee crisis was not the only one that befell the Jews during the tumultuous seventeenth-century, but it was the largest one Te book starts with several pages of maps, a very informative and impor- tant section as the book is flled with names of many places, cities, and towns throughout Europe that are probably unknown to most people Te main body of the text is divided into three parts Te frst, “Wartime Chaos and Its Resolu- tion,” deals with the experience of the Jews who were internally displaced inside the commonwealth during the wars Tis part also provides a historical recon- struction of the events and a detailed portrayal of the refugee experience inside the commonwealth Tere is a relatively great emphasis on the concept of trauma, yet it is the weakest area of this part Tis is especially true with regards to the