Both similarities and differences are found across cultures when observers make judgments of infants' emotions. Observer Judgments of Emotion in American, Japanese, and Chinese Infants Linda A. Camras, Harriet Oster, Joseph J. Campos, Rosemary Campos, Tatsuo Ujiie, Kazuo Miyake, Wang Lei, Meng Zhaolan Cross-cultural studies of infant emotional responses can shed light on the ori- gins of group differences in adult emotional behavior as well as on the processes involved in emotional development both within and across cultures. In the United States, a number of laboratory procedures have been developed that are thought to evoke emotions such as fear (for example, stranger approach; see Campos, Emde, Gaensbauer, and Henderson, 1975), surprise (for example, object concept studies; see Bower, 1967), distress (for ex- ample, the Strange Situation; see Ainsworth and Bell, 1970), and anger (for example, arm restraint; see Stenberg, Campos, and Emde, 1983). Examining similarities and differences in the responses of American and non-American babies to these procedures may result in a better understanding of emotional development that may guide future efforts to identify the causal antecedents of their emotional responses. The several authors are involved in a cross-cultural collaborative study of infant emotional expression supported in part by NIMH Grant MH-47543. We extend our appreciation to our student assistants: Craig Bohm, Jesse Harriot, Kin Ching Kong, Sarah Geenan, Beth Holland, and Brit Creelman. Correspondence, reprint requests, and inquiries regarding the institutional affiliations of the authors should be addressed to Linda A. Camras, Depart- ment of Psychology, DePaul University, 2219 N. Kenmore St., Chicago, Illinois, 60614 or iciiimras@wppost.depaul.edu. NEW DIRECTIONS rot CHOC DEVELOPMENT, no 77, Fall 1 4 9 7 O Jomcy-Bui Inc., Publish m 89