Hindawi Publishing Corporation Te Scientifc World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 947879, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/947879 Clinical Study Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Brain Bioenergetics, Sleep, and Cognitive Performance in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals George H. Trksak, 1,2,3,4 Bethany K. Bracken, 1,2,4,5 J. Eric Jensen, 2,4 David T. Plante, 4,6 David M. Penetar, 1,2,3,4 Wendy L. Tartarini, 1,3 Melissa A. Maywalt, 3,7 Cynthia M. Dorsey, 2,3,4,8 Perry F. Renshaw, 2,4,9 and Scott E. Lukas 1,2,3,4 1 Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Lab, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA 2 McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA 3 Sleep Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA 4 Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA 5 Charles River Analytics, Inc., 625 Mt. Auburn Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 6 Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53719, USA 7 Sleep Health Centers, 1505 Commonwealth Avenue, Brighton, MA 02135, USA 8 Private Practice, 1266 Main St., West Concord, MA 01742, USA 9 Department of Psychiatry, Te Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA Correspondence should be addressed to George H. Trksak; gtrksak@mclean.harvard.edu Received 20 May 2013; Accepted 18 July 2013 Academic Editors: E. Lanuza, A. K. Moschovakis, and A. Valero-Cabre Copyright © 2013 George H. Trksak et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In cocaine-dependent individuals, sleep is disturbed during cocaine use and abstinence, highlighting the importance of examining the behavioral and homeostatic response to acute sleep loss in these individuals. Te current study was designed to identify a diferential efect of sleep deprivation on brain bioenergetics, cognitive performance, and sleep between cocaine-dependent and healthy control participants. 14 healthy control and 8 cocaine-dependent participants experienced consecutive nights of baseline, total sleep deprivation, and recovery sleep in the research laboratory. Participants underwent [31] P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) brain imaging, polysomnography, Continuous Performance Task, and Digit Symbol Substitution Task. Following recovery sleep, [31] P MRS scans revealed that cocaine-dependent participants exhibited elevated global brain -NTP (direct measure of adenosine triphosphate), -NTP, and total NTP levels compared to those of healthy controls. Cocaine-dependent participants performed worse on the Continuous Performance Task and Digit Symbol Substitution Task at baseline compared to healthy control participants, but sleep deprivation did not worsen cognitive performance in either group. Enhancements of brain ATP levels in cocaine dependent participants following recovery sleep may refect a greater impact of sleep deprivation on sleep homeostasis, which may highlight the importance of monitoring sleep during abstinence and the potential infuence of sleep loss in drug relapse. 1. Introduction Compared to healthy control individuals, cocaine-dependent individuals commonly exhibit disturbed sleep during cocaine use and abstinence [1]. Following cocaine use, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep decreases and slow wave sleep increases [1], and while sleep parameters appear similar to healthy control levels during early abstinence, sleep progres- sively deteriorates as abstinence progresses [2, 3]. During abstinence, cocaine-dependent men experience increased sleep onset latency and wake afer sleep onset, reduced latency to REM, total sleep time, and sleep efciency index, and almost no slow wave sleep [4]. Studies have shown that during early cocaine abstinence, subjective reports of daytime sleepiness increase, but during late abstinence when sleep architecture is at its worst, subjective sleepiness appears to improve [2]. Enhancements in sleep disturbances with prolonged cocaine abstinence and the efect this has on the