Public Policy and Administration 2014, Vol. 29(4) 271–291 ! The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0952076714524810 ppa.sagepub.com Article The distribution of analytical techniques in policy advisory systems: Policy formulation and the tools of policy appraisal Michael Howlett Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada; Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore Seck L Tan Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore Andrea Migone Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada Adam Wellstead Faculty of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA Bryan Evans Department of Political Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Abstract The literature on policy analysis and policy advice has not generally explored differences in the analytical tasks and techniques practiced within government or between govern- ment-based and non-government-based analysts. A more complete picture of the roles played by policy analysts in policy appraisal is needed if the nature of contemporary Corresponding author: Michael Howlett, Simon Fraser University, 888 University Way, Burnaby, BC British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada. Email: howlett@sfu.ca at SIMON FRASER LIBRARY on October 20, 2015 ppa.sagepub.com Downloaded from