Galley Proof 13/10/2017; 14:25 File: hab–1-hab331.tex; BOKCTP/ljl p. 1 Human Antibodies -1 (2017) 1–8 1 DOI 10.3233/HAB-170331 IOS Press Frontiers of monoclonal antibodies: Applications in medical practices Shridhar C. Ghagane a,b,∗ , Sridevi I. Puranik b,c , Siew Hua Gan d,e , Murigendra B. Hiremath b , R.B. Nerli f and M.V. Ravishankar g a Department of Urology, KLES Kidney Foundation, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Belagavi-590010, India b Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad-580003, India c Department of Biotechnology, KLES R. L. Science Institute (Autonomous), Belagavi-590001, India d School of Medical Sciences, USM, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia e School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia f Department of Urology, KLE University’s JN Medical College, KLES Kidney Foundation, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Belagavi-590010, India g Department of Anatomy USM-KLE, IMP, JNMC Campus, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, India Abstract. With the flourishing of innovation in drug discovery into a new era of personalized therapy, the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the treatment of various ailments lies at the forefront. Major improvements in genetic sequencing and biomedical techniques as well as research into mAbs emphasize on determining new targets for advanced therapy while maxi- mizing efficacy for clinical application. However, a balance has to be achieved concerning developing a target with low toxicity combined with high specificity and versatility, to allow a specific antibody to facilitate several biotic effects, ranging from neu- tralization of virus mechanisms to modulation of immune response and maintaining low global economic cost. Presently, there are approximately 30 mAbs’ permitted for therapeutic use with many more being tested in clinical trials. Nevertheless, the heavy cost of mAbs’ production, stowage and management as well as the subsequent hindrances to their development are outweighed by mAbs’ clinical advantages. Compared to conventional drugs, since mAbs use as pharmacologic iotas have specific physical features and modes of action, they should be considered as a discrete therapeutic category. In this review, the history of mAb generation and the innovative technological applications of mAbs that has advanced in clinical practices is reviewed. Keywords: Monoclonal antibodies, hybridoma technique, diagnosis, application 1. Introduction 1 Since 1980s, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies 2 (mAbs) have emerged into helpful and lucrative group 3 of discoveries. Currently, mAbs encompass the main- 4 stream of recombinant proteins presently utilized in 5 clinics, with approximately 150 products under re- 6 search sponsored by companies worldwide. Starting 7 * Corresponding author: Shridhar C. Ghagane, Department of Urology, KLES Kidney Foundation, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hos- pital & Medical Research Centre, Belagavi-590010, India. Mobile: +91 9739717296; E-mail: shridhar.kleskf@gmail.com. with the most idea generated in academe, biotech firms 8 forged numerous technologies and methods to gener- 9 ate beneficial mAbs, despite several failures. Although 10 initially, most pharmacological firms were averse to ac- 11 cept the innovative tools, most now incorporated the 12 used of many mAbs in scientific research. Collectively, 13 genetically-developed mAbs generally have advanced 14 possibilities of approval success as compared to small- 15 molecule drugs, and are therefore useful for diversifi- 16 cation of the therapeutics pipeline. 17 The first mAb was developed in 1975 and was fully 18 licensed in 1986. The developments of mAbs repre- 19 sent a novel way in target specific mutations and de- 20 ISSN 1093-2607/17/$35.00 c  2017 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved uncorrected proof version