Arabic cross cultural adaptation and validation of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ☆ Haitham M. Hussein a, ⁎, Amr Abdel Moneim b , Tamer Emara b , Yousry A. Abd-elhamid b , Haitham H. Salem b , Foad Abd-Allah c , Mohammad A. Farrag c , M. Amir Tork b , Ali S. Shalash b , Khaled H. Ezz el dein b , Gamal Magdy b , Shady S. Georgy b , Peter G. Ghali b , Patrick D. Lyden d , Ramez R. Moustafa b a HealthPartners Clinics and Services Department of Neurosciences, St Paul, MN, United States b Ain Shams University Department of Neurology, Cairo, Egypt c Cairo University, Kasralainy School of Medicine, Neurology Department, Cairo, Egypt d Cedars-Sinai Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, United States abstract article info Article history: Received 5 March 2015 Received in revised form 20 June 2015 Accepted 10 July 2015 Available online xxxx Keywords: NIHSS Cross-cultural Translation Arabic Ischemic stroke Neurological examination Stroke scale Stroke severity Introduction: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the most commonly used tool to quantify neurological deficit in acute stroke, was initially developed in English. We present our experience in developing and validating an Arabic version of the NIHSS (arNIHSS). Methods: A) Scale development phase: 6 bilingual neurologists translated the scale to Arabic. Items 9 and 10 were modified to suit the Arabic language and culture. A panel of 11 Arab neurologists reviewed the final product and an Arabic language expert did final editing. B) Scale validation phase: 10 examiners (four neurology residents and six nurses), who had no experience with the NIHSS, were trained to use the arNIHSS. Patients with acute stroke were recruited at two academic institutions in Egypt. Each patient was examined on admission by 3 examiners using the arNIHSS and at 24 hours by one of the three examiners. The agreement between the first three examinations was used to calculate the interrater agreement. The agreement between the admission and the 24-hour arNIHSS per- formed by the same examiner was used to calculate the intrarater agreement. Construct validity was evaluated by correlating the arNIHSS on admission with the infarct volume on initial the diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) using the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (DWI-ASPECTS) and the functional outcome at 3 months assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results: In 6 months, 137 patients were recruited (mean age ± standard deviation 62 ± 12 years; 48 women). For interrater agreement, weighted kappa value ranged from 0.36 to 0.66 and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the whole scale was excellent at 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94–0.97). For intrarater agreement, weighted kappa ranged from 0.52 to 1.0 and the ICC was 0.94 (95% CI 0.87–0.98). The construct validity of the arNIHSS is demonstrated by its correlation with the DWI-ASPECT and the 3 months mRS score (Spearman correlation -0.46 and 0.58 respectively; P b 0.001 for both). Conclusion: We developed and validated a culturally adapted Arabic version of the NIHSS. Further validation in other Arab countries is recommended. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The original NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was developed at the Univer- sity of Cincinnati [1,2] and subsequently modified for the NINDS rtPA trial [3]. The current version was first published in 1994 [4]. It has since become an integral part of stroke clinical trials and practice [5–7]. Utilization of the NIHSS in non-English-speaking countries is chal- lenging. The difference in language may impair the examiner's ability to understand the instructions. The objects used to test aphasia in item 9 may not be familiar in other cultures and the syllables used in item 10 maybe foreign or inadequate to test for dysarthria in languages other than English. Several cross-cultural adaptations of the NIHSS have addressed these issues in their respective cultures [8–14]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences xxx (2015) xxx–xxx ☆ Funding source: None. ⁎ Corresponding author at: HealthPartners Clinics and Services, 401 Phalen Blvd., St. Paul, MN 55130, United States. E-mail address: Haitham.M.Hussein@healthpartners.com (H.M. Hussein). JNS-13921; No of Pages 5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.07.022 0022-510X/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of the Neurological Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jns Please cite this article as: H.M. Hussein, et al., Arabic cross cultural adaptation and validation of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, J Neurol Sci (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.07.022