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Translingual Practice: Weaving Native Cultures to a Writing Classroom
Inggrit O. Tanasale
Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 441 North Walk, Indiana, PA 15705, US
A B S T R A C T
The growth of extensive discussions of translingualism has emerged in the area of writing and composition in recent years
in response to view writing as a negotiation of cross -language form in the multilingual contact zone. Translingual approach
problematizes the propagation of monolingual orientations: standardized native-speaker norms and the stigma of printed
written language, and overlooks the diverse cultural and linguistic potentials brought by the students in the English writing
classroom. Translingualism does not offer the generic model to bridge the linguistic gaps perpetuated between academic
setting and students’ backgrounds. However, it endorses transformative perspectives of language teachers to embrace
students’ differences in first language and second language meaning-making production and the creative use of semiotic
resources in the classroom. With a clear understanding and knowledge of students’ cultures, Canagarajah (2015) argues that
writing teachers can better apply translingual practice in the classroom due to their well-experience as multilingual writers
and speakers. This paper aims to situate the concepts of translingualism concerning students’ native cultures and classroom
settings in Indonesia, in particular in Moluccas (known as Maluku) context. The pedagogical practice of translingual practice
is addressed based on the context- and cultural-specific manner and draws upon Canagarajah’s (2013) four macro-level
strategies of Translingualism. As such, this paper can broaden the horizon of language teachers and scholars about the
possible chance to adopt and adapt translingual practice in a local setting with the available knowledge and understanding.
Keywords: translingualism, translingual practice, Indonesia
1. Introduction
English has been growing as a world English (es) with
the celebration of a diversity of linguistic and cultural
repositories, and it breeds into many varieties of English.
Kirckpatrick (2010) argued that some ‘non-standard
Englishes’ in Asian countries be influenced by multicultural
norms of the speakers and constituted as the result of English
as a lingua franca. The Malay, for example, was substituted
by English as a lingua franca in the Southeast Asia because
the Malay users become fewer compared to the increasing
numbers of English speakers (Kirkpatrick, 2010).
Inevitably, there is interference by several major ethnic
languages such as Mandarin, Tamil, and Malay in the use of
English for the contact purposes. I experienced the
complexity of language use in a different context when I
traveled to Malaysia for the conference, and I interacted with
some local people there. I did code-switching between
Malay and English when I communicated with taxi-drivers
and hoteliers who could not speak English well but Hindi
and Malay.
Trudgill (2000) stated that the language speakers could
operate two languages or more based on the situation and
their intention to cue the meaning. In particular, the
multilingual speakers are capable of employing code-
switching as they shuttle from place to place to maintain
their interaction with their interlocutors. The fact that code
switching is globally used through English and other
languages are contradictory with the situation in the L2
classroom. Cook (1999) argued that most English
classrooms in many expanding circle countries be
centralized by the delusion of native speaker as the
standpoint of standard English. The standard English and
native speaker myth are challenged because English has
been embraced as an international language for everyone as
the owner of English. Later in his newest article, Cook
(2016) contended that there is no much change with the
preservation of monolingual ideology of native speaker
which is inextricably intertwined with the English speaking
curriculum and materials. Canagarajah (2013b) reminded
that students’ language travels and make contact with
another cultural and linguistic repertoire of different
students in the classroom which always disrupt the
monolingual pedagogy. To enhance mutual intelligibility