ISSN 0146-4116, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, 2009, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 156–165. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2009. Original Russian Text © T.A. Aliev, G.A. Guliev, A.G. Rzaev, F.G. Pashaev, A.M. Abbasov, 2009, published in Avtomatika i Vychislitel’naya Tekhnika, 2009, No. 3, pp. 57–69. 156 Position-Binary and Spectral Indicators of Microchanges in the Technical States of Control Objects T. A. Aliev a , Q. A. Guliev a , A. H. Rzaev a , F. H. Pashaev a , and A. M. Abbasov b a Guseinov Institute of Cybernetics, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, ul. Agaeva 9, Baku, Az1141 Azerbaijan E-mail: telmancyber@rambler.ru b Institute of Information Technologies, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, ul. Agaeva 9, Baku, Az1141 Azerbaijan E-mail: ali@dcacs.ab.az Abstract—It is shown that, at the early stage of the change in the technical state of an object, the mea- surement information is partially lost because of the dynamics of the changes in the characteristics of the signals at the output of the corresponding sensors. When the traditional technique is used, this can be found only if the process is pronounced; for this reason, sometimes it is impossible to prevent acci- dents that can have disastrous effects. The proposed techniques for determination of the estimates of the position-binary and spectral noise indicators reflect with high accuracy the beginning of any micro- change in the control objects with the use of excess-frequency analysis by extraction of additional infor- mation from both the desired signal and the noise. Keywords: noise, noisy signal, spectral indicators, position-binary indicators, diagnostic, prognosis, excess-frequency, noise indication, position-binary impulse. DOI: 10.3103/S0146411609030067 1. INTRODUCTION The formation of defects in living organisms and technical objects has been a subject of research. The methods of obtaining information on, the analysis, the monitoring, and the diagnostics of living organisms and technical objects have much in common. The signals at the output of sensors located on the objects often reflect the technical or operational state of the processes or objects under study. These signals from com- pletely different objects are analyzed using nearly the same information technologies. Therefore, despite the specific features of different objects, from the point of view of a specialist in information measurement sys- tems, monitoring of the object states is quite regular [1–5]. However, the origin and development of a defect have specific features related to the physical, biological, mechanical, chemical, and other properties of an object, as well as to the operating regime, functional area, etc. [1, 4, and 5]. For this reason, the formation of a defect until the latter acquires a pronounced character occurs in different ways. In some objects, this process is fast; in others, it is much longer. Despite all these differences, the common fact is that, in this period, the information reflected in the signals prior to the defect formation continuously changes, stabilizing only after the defect has acquired a clearly pronounced charac- ter [1]. For this reason, the reliability of the monitoring results depends, to a great extent, on the information techniques used for analyzing the signals obtained at the output of the corresponding sensors [1, 2, and 5-11]. For many real processes, during the defect formation, the regularities of the distribution of the noisy sig- nal g(i∆t) and the desired signal X(i∆t), as well as the noise spectrum and the dispersion ε(i∆t), change within a wide range. Therefore, in some cases, one cannot obtain reliable results and adequate solutions in the corresponding information systems. This is one of the reasons that still cause numerous breakdowns of different objects in the oil-and-gas production, petrochemistry, power engineering, aviation, etc., industries despite that, in recent years, the reliability of the elements and technical tools of information systems has substantially increased.