REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved 0MB No. 0704-0188 and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Departmentof Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188). 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be award that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid 0MB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 11-APR-2003 2. REPORT TYPE Journal article (refereed) 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Role of Microbes in the Smectite-to lllite Reaction 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 0601153N 6. AUTHOR(S) JIN-WOOK KIM D.D. EBERL 5d. PROJECT NUMBER HAILIANG DONG JENNIFER SEABAUGH STEVEN NEWELL 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 74-8432-03 , PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Research Laboratory Marine Geoscience Division Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004 8. REPORTING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER NRL/JA/7430~03-4 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME{S) AND ADDRESS(ES) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 800 NORTH QUINCY STREET ARLINGTON VA 22217-5660 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) ONR 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release,distribution is unlimited Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Science Vol 303 6 February 2004 14. ABSTRACT Temperature, pressure, and tinne have been thought to control the smectite-to-lllite (S-1) reaction, an important diagenetic process used for petroleum exploration. We demonstrated that microorganisms can promote the S-1 reaction by dissolving smectite through reduction of structural Fe(lll) at room temperature and 1 atmosphere within 14 days. This reaction typically requires conditions of 300° to 350°C, 100 megapascals, and 4 to 5 months in the absence of micrcbial activity. These results challenge the conventional concept of the S-1 reaction and of reaction kinetic models. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Microbes, Smectit-to-lllite 20040820 037 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UNLIMITED 18. NUMBER OF PAGES .19a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON JIN-WOOK KIM 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER f/ndude area code) 228-688-5495 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) BEST AVAILABLE COPY