TAXONOGENOMICS: GENOME OF A KNOWN ORGANISM Lactimicrobium massiliense gen. nov., sp. nov.; Anaerolactibacter massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov.; Galactobacillus timonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Acidipropionibacterium timonense sp. nov. isolated from breast milk from healthy breastfeeding African women A. H. Togo 1,2 , A. Diop 1,2 , A. Camara 1,2 , E. Kuete 1,2 , S. Konate 1,2 , V. Brevaut 3 , C. Des Robert 4 , J. Delerce 1,2 , N. Armstrong 1,2 , Y. Roussel 1,2 , P.-E. Fournier 1,2 , M. A. Thera 5 , D. Raoult 1,2 and M. Million 1,2 1) Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 2) IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 3) APHM, CHU Hôpital Nord, Service de médecine néonatale, 4) APHM, CHU Hôpital de la Conception, Service de médecine néonatale, F-13385, Marseille, France and 5) Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, FMOS-FAPH, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali Abstract Four strains isolated by microbial culturomics from breast milk of healthy mothers from Mali were not identified and characterized by taxono-genomics. This led us to propose the new genera and species Lactimicrobium massiliense, Anaerolactibacter massiliensis and Galactobacillus timonensis containing type strain Marseille-P4301 T (CSUR P4301 T ), Marseille-P4302 T (CSUR P4302 T ) and Marseille-P4641 T (CSUR P4641 T ), respectively. The strain Marseille-P4482 represents a novel species, Acidipropionibacterium timonense, in a previously known genus with type strain being Marseille-P4482 T (CSUR P4482 T ). © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Culturomics, human breast milk, microbiome, microbiota, taxono-genomics Original Submission: 22 February 2019; Revised Submission: 15 March 2019; Accepted: 18 March 2019 Article published online: 23 March 2019 Corresponding author: M. Million, Aix Marseille Université, Insti- tut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France. E-mail: matthieumillion@gmail.com Introduction Human breast milk is a complex biological fluid produced by the mammary glands. Breast milk not only provides the essential nutrients for growth and development in new-borns, it also protects against different infectious diseases [1 – 5]. Several studies have reported unsuspected diversity, including many bacteria that promote maternal and child health in breast, colostrum and milk [6 – 9]. The breast-milk microbiota plays a key role in the colonization of the new-born’s digestive tract and in the development of its immunity [10 – 12]. However, little is known about the composition of the human milk microbiota, and most published studies are limited by the use of metagenomics which does not differentiate between the DNA sequences of live bacteria and dead bacteria [13 – 16]. To date, to our knowledge, only one bacterial species, Streptococcus lactarius, has been officially described with breast milk as the first source of isolation [17]. This suggests that the human milk microbiota is neglected and remains largely unexplored. We have therefore studied the microbiota of colostrum and breast milk of healthy mothers from France and Mali using the culturomics approach, an approach developed and applied in our laboratory over the past 10 years [18] to decipher the bacterial diversity of colostrum and breast milk. As part of this work, we isolated four new bacterial species from breast milk. Here, we describe the isolation and taxonogenomic char- acterization of strain Marseille-P-4301 T , strain Marseille-P4302 T and strain Marseille-P4641 T as type strains of Lactimicrobium massiliense gen. nov., sp. nov. (CSUR 4301), Anaerolactibacter massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (CSUR 4302) and Galactobacillus New Microbe and New Infect 2019; 29: 100537 © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100537