Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0484 (Online) Vol.8, No.12, 2018 33 Framework of the Existing Patterns of Residential Segregation and Housing Quality in Nigeria Maryam Salihu Muhammad 1 Rozilah Kasim 2 David Martin 2 Aliyu Ahmad Aliyu 1 1.Department of Estate Management and Valuation, Faculty of Environmental Technology P.M.B. 0248, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria 2.Faculty of Technology Management & Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Abstract Residential segregation, the spatial separation of population sub-groups within a given geographical area, is a phenomenon which is prevalent in both developed and developing countries like Nigeria. This study sought to contribute to existing knowledge by reviewing the existing patterns of residential segregation and housing quality in Nigeria, and developing a framework for the existing patterns of residential segregation and housing quality. The study established that the existing residential segregation patterns are based mainly on religion, ethnicity, age and income; and the factors responsible for residential segregation in the study area are individual and aggregate socioeconomic characteristics, individual preference/taste/choice of neighbourhood and political/institutional factors. While the indicators of housing quality in the study area are building design, type of roofing and wall materials, condition and age of buildings, the type of internal facilities and the source of lighting. And the framework showed that there is a relationship between the factors responsible for residential segregation and housing quality in the study area. Keywords: Framework, Patterns, Residential Segregation, Housing Quality, Bauchi 1. Introduction Residential segregation is a phenomenon which is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and has been widely researched. Most studies on this phenomenon have been found to focus mostly on racial/ethnic and income segregation, its patterns, causes and consequences, and its effects on health, and so on. Majority of these studies are based on researches from developed countries, especially the USA. Such studies undertaken are those of McClinton and Zuberi (2006); Williams and Collins (2001), Anderson et al. (2003), Edwards (1970), K’Akumu and Olima (2007), French (2008) and Farley (2010) to mention a few. However, very few researches have been conducted on residential segregation in the Nigerian context as compared to South Africa, UK and the U.S. Nigeria is a multi-ethnic country (Asiyanbola, 2003), where ethnic differentiation has remained a critical problem in most of its cities (Dung-Gwom & Rikko, 2009, and Asiyanbola, 2003), this along with religious differences have led to violent crisis across the country. These crisis according to Dung-Gwom and Rikko (2009) have entrenched a divide in the cities which have led to the creation of residential neighbourhoods along ethnic, religious and cultural lines; particularly in the northern part of the country. One of such cities is Bauchi, a city which has witnessed several ethno-religious crisis for almost two decades. According to Osaghae and Suberu (2005) and Uchendu (2010) Bauchi witnessed ethno-religious crisis between the Hausa/Fulani and Sayawa in 1991, 1995, 2001, 2005 and 2011; the Bauchi religious crisis of Yelwa Kagadama in 1991, 2006 and 2007, and the Boko Haram insurgency in the neighbouring north-eastern states of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa and parts of Gombe and Bauchi, have also contributed to the emergence of religious and ethnically segregated neighbourhoods this being as a result of the fear and insecurity faced by people in these areas. According to Gambo and Omirin (2012) violent ethno-religious fracas has ushered in a new phenomenon in neighbourhood/settlement arrangement in most northern towns and cities. Apart from the ethno-religious factor, the planning policies and laws in Nigeria have contributed to segregation. According to Nwaka (2005a), “The policies and institutions for urban development, where such policies existed at all, were very restrictive and myopic, especially in the critical areas of land use control, planning and the provision of infrastructure and services. Planning and housing were used as instruments of segregation and social policy - to ensure that the small community of Europeans was protected in segregated high quality residential reservations”. Also, the sub-division of residential areas into low, medium and high density for urban planning and development purposes (although it is a normal practice as reported by K’Akumu & Olima, 2007) has also fostered residential segregation in Nigeria. The land sub-division and development activities in Nigeria have been reported to have excessively high standards and contribute to the exclusion of the low-income groups from the formal process of land development (Garba & Salisu, n.d.). Evidence from literature has also shown that residential segregation affects housing quality (as reported by Williams & Collins, 2001), as usually the segregated group or minorities are poor and discriminatory practices tend to hinder their access to quality and brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals