Research Article
Large Eddy Simulation of the Flow Past a Soccer Ball
Sarmad Iftikhar, Salma Sherbaz , Hafiz Ali Haider Sehole , Adnan Maqsood ,
and Zartasha Mustansar
Research Centre for Modeling & Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12,
Islamabad 4400, Pakistan
Correspondence should be addressed to Adnan Maqsood; adnan@rcms.nust.edu.pk
Received 31 July 2021; Revised 11 December 2021; Accepted 27 December 2021; Published 18 January 2022
Academic Editor: Hao Zhang
Copyright © 2022 Sarmad Iftikhar et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
e football game is the most popular, played, and loved sport around the world. e advent of technological breakthroughs and
the continuous increase in consumer demand have led to a revolution in football’s design and manufacturing process. In the past,
studies in soccer ball aerodynamics mainly were limited to the investigation of lift and drag forces inside a wind tunnel apparatus.
A few researchers have analyzed the flow around the different soccer balls using computational fluid dynamics simulations with
the Reynolds-Averaged-Navier–Stokes equations model. is study primarily intends to simulate a modern soccer ball (Adidas
Telstar 18) using the Large Eddy Simulations technique. e whole research is divided into two phases. In the first phase, the flow
around a smooth sphere is simulated numerically to validate the meshing strategy, boundary conditions, and solution meth-
odology. e same modeling approach is used in the later stage to simulate the flow around a soccer ball. e effect of panels and
seam on the boundary layer flow separation and overall turbulent flow structure around the soccer ball are visualized. e results
indicate that the large-eddy simulations help predict the flow intricacies by resolving small eddies near the panels.
1.Introduction
ere has been a significant increase in the research studies
utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques in
engineering design, optimization, structure analysis, and
many other applications [1]. Several general-purpose CFD
codes, such as OpenFoam, Fluent, CFX, X-FLOW, COMSOL,
STAR-CCM+, etc., are used to perform such studies. For the
past two decades, CFD has had a massive influence on sports
stadia and equipment design [2–4]. It has played an essential
role in understanding and improving the performance of
various sports projectiles [5].
e previous research conducted in the area of soccer
ball aerodynamics can be bifurcated into two main cate-
gories. e first category mainly covers the aerodynamic
performance assessment of different soccer balls using wind
tunnel testing and CFD methods. e other type deals with
the research related to the soccer ball trajectory analysis. A
brief overview of the latest experimental and numerical
research studies dealing with the soccer ball performance
assessment is given in the subsequent paragraphs.
Carr´ e et al. [6] used wind tunnel measurements to study
how the transition of the boundary layers from laminar to
turbulent altered the drag coefficient of a soccer ball at a high
Reynolds number. e reverse Magnus effects were noticed
for spinning balls at low Reynolds numbers. Asai et al. [7, 8]
performed wind tunnel experimentation to compare the
aerodynamic coefficients of the soccer balls under static and
rotating conditions. e vortex dynamics during the balls’
flight were analyzed using the titanium tetrachloride visu-
alization method. Visualization experiments for a nonro-
tating ball revealed that the boundary-layer separation point
is approximately 90
°
at a slow-kick—induced at a speed of
5 m/s—and approximately 120
°
during a fast kick—induced
at a speed of 29 m/s. e experimental study conducted by
Oggiano and Sætran [9] focused on measuring different
soccer balls’ drag and side forces in static and spinning
conditions. Free kick simulations were also performed by
implementing the experimental data in a Matlab
®
routine. It
was concluded that the panel shapes, panel numbers, surface
dimples, and different seams carry substantial implications
for the flight trajectories of the other soccer balls. Passmore
Hindawi
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2022, Article ID 3455235, 13 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3455235