JOB STRESS AND WELL-BEING OF MOONLIGHTERS: THE PERSPECTIVE OF DEPRIVATION OR ASPIRATION REVISITED MUHAMMAD JAMAL PhD,* VISHWANATH V. BABA, PhD AND ROBERT RIVIE Á RE, MBA Department of Management, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada SUMMARY This study examined the dierences between moonlighters and non-moonlighters on job stress and well-being among college teachers in Canada. Well-being was operationalized in terms of burnout, job satisfaction, job involvement, turnover intention and job performance. Data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire using the procedure of mailback completed questionnaires (N 420). One-way ANOVA, MANOVA and two-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Results generally supported the energic/opportunity hypothesis of moonlighters than the deprivation/constraint hypothesis. Limited support for age, gender, education, teaching experience and income as potential moderators of moonlighting status and outcome variables was found. Results are discussed in light of previous empirical evidence on dual-job holding and quality of work and non-work life. # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Stress Med., 14: 195±202, 1998. KEY WORDS Ð stress; burnout; well-being; multijobholding It was over 30 years ago when Wilensky 1 wrote his classic article about moonlighters, describing them as a product of relative deprivation. Since that time, very limited systematic research has been done on moonlighters. To some, it might not be a worthwhile area of research because of the supposedly limited number of people involved in it. To others, it might be dicult, if not impossible, to collect systematic information on moonlighters because of the expense involved in obtaining a sample large enough to provide a sucient number of moonlighters. To yet others, and consistent with traditional belief, moonlighters generally are economically deprived and socially withdrawn and there is no reason why this perspective of moonlighters should not be taken as valid and ®nal. Whatever the reasons for the lack of system- atic research on moonlighters, however, there is consensus in its meaning. `Moonlighters' is a term which is normally used to describe people who hold a second, paid job in addition to their full-time primary job. 2 To date, whatever is available on moonlighters in the literature focuses mainly on the issue of under- standing the motivation of moonlighters. With few exceptions, these studies have been conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the US and Statistics Canada in Canada. Their ®ndings are occasionally reported in Monthly Labor Review and Perspectives on Labor and Income. 3±13 Two major ®ndings of this stream of research can be noted. First, the moonlighting rate in Canada and the US has been fairly consistent for the past 15 years and is around 5±6 percent of the non-farm labor force. While the rate of moonlighting among men has been decreasing (from 7 percent in 1970 to 6.4 percent in 1989), the rate among women has been increasing steadily (2.2 percent in 1970 to 5.9 percent in 1989). 10 Second, reasons for moon- lighting for the general labor force, in term of their importance, included meeting regular expenses (36 percent), saving for the future (16 percent), getting experience or building a business (15 per- cent), and other miscellaneous reasons. However, meeting regular expenses as the ®rst reason for moonlighting was cited by 57 percent widowed, CCC 0748±8386/98/030195±08$17.50 Received 30 June 1997 # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 15 November 1997 STRESS MEDICINE, VOL. 14: 195±202 (1998) *Correspondence to: Dr M. Jamal, Department of Manage- ment, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, H3G 1M8. Tel: (514) 848-2935. Fax: (514) 848-4292. Contract grant sponsors: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Contract grant number: 410-92-0203. Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs de L'Aide a la Recherche. Contract grant number: 97-ER-0506.