Leverage and IPO under-pricing: high-tech versus low-tech IPOs Jaemin Kim and Kuntara Pukthuanthong-Le San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA, and Thomas Walker Concordia University, Montreal, Canada Abstract Purpose – The extant literature on initial public offerings (IPOs) generally assumes that a high degree of pre-IPO leverage serves as a positive signal of firm quality as it forces a firm’s managers to adhere to tough budget constraints. The purpose of this paper is to question the validity of this assumption when it is indiscriminately applied to all firms, while other potentially important determinants of a firm’s optimal capital structure are ignored. High-tech versus low-tech firms are specifically focused on. Design/methodology/approach – Multivariate regression controlling is used for various firm and offer characteristics, market and industry returns, and potential endogeneity between investment bank rankings, price revisions, and under-pricing. Findings – It is found that debt only serves as a signal of better firm quality for low-tech IPOs, as reflected in smaller price revisions and lower under-pricing. For high-tech IPOs, the effect of leverage is reversed: for these firms, higher leverage is associated with increased risk and uncertainty as reflected by higher price revisions and greater under-pricing. The results remain significant after controlling for various firm variables as mentioned above. Practical implications – The research results allow managers of high-tech firms that contemplate going public to better understand the effect their company’s capital structure will have on the pricing of their IPO. Prior research generally suggests that – irrespective of a firm’s underlying characteristics – higher financial leverage results in lower under-pricing. The findings highlight the falsity of this generalization and point out that it only holds for low-tech firms. Firms that operate in a high-tech sector, on the other hand, will leave less money on the table if they use equity rather than debt financing. Originality/value – It is shown that leverage only serves as a positive signal for low-tech firms. The IPOs of these firms generally undergo smaller price revisions and are less under-priced than the IPOs of low-tech firms that use little debt in their capital structure. While this result is consistent with earlier studies, it is show that the relationship between these variables reverses for high-tech IPOs. Specifically, it is found that high-tech IPOs with high leverage undergo larger price revisions and are more under-priced than high-tech firms with low leverage. In contrast to earlier findings, this suggests that for high-tech IPOs, higher leverage implies increased ex-ante uncertainty and risks. Keywords Pricing, Investments, Capital, Stock markets Paper type Research paper 1. Introduction During the late 1990s, the characteristics of high-tech and low-tech initial public offerings (IPOs) diverged to an extent that has not been seen in prior IPO markets. One aspect of the hot IPO market of 1999-2000 that has been highlighted by the press and the investment community is the large under-pricing (i.e. the difference between the offer price and the first day closing price) of high-tech IPOs. Most of these companies The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0025-1747.htm MD 46,1 106 Received April 2007 Revised September 2007 Accepted October 2007 Management Decision Vol. 46 No. 1, 2008 pp. 106-130 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0025-1747 DOI 10.1108/00251740810846770