Hybrid electric car comparison to increase the reliability for fuel efficiency Chinju Saju a,⇑ , Parwin Angel Michael a , Jarin T. b a Department of EEE, Karunya Institute of Technology and Science, Coimbatore, India b Department of EEE, Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India article info Article history: Received 14 August 2022 Revised 8 October 2022 Accepted 22 October 2022 Available online 15 November 2022 Keywords: PI controller Fuzzy Neuro fuzzy NEDC Engine power HEV Motor power Electrical losses abstract Light electric vehicles, such as electric bicycles and electric scooters, have recently demonstrated remark- able promise over short distances. Light electric vehicles, such as peddles, electric bicycles, and electric scooters, have recently demonstrated remarkable promise for short-distance travel. Despite rising crude oil costs, the use of vehicles is increasing at an alarming rate. There is a pressing need to improve fuel economy while enhancing vehicle emission control to protect future generations from the consequences of pollution. HEV and EV have demonstrated the ability to improve the fuel efficiency. This research focuses on the parallel configurations of HEVs and their optimisation-based power management tech- niques as well as the possible benefits of various power management tactics in various vehicular appli- cations. Research gaps are also highlighted as part of this enquiry. In this study, we examined three distinct methods. A thorough comparative study demonstrated how the controller affects the NEDC driv- ing cycle, performance, losses, efficiency, and starting power of the HEV motor. As a result, the skilful integration of hybrid electric drive with lightweight, cost-effective optimization of efficiency, emissions, performance, and safety for production-worthy and marketable vehicles. Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Concerns about rising oil prices and environmental protection have compelled the automobile industry to accelerate the develop- ment of hybrid electric and fuel cell cars for broad market adop- tion. Because fuel cell-powered cars are still in the early phases of research, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) appear to be the most economically viable option so far and for the foreseeable future [1,2]. A hybrid propulsion system comprises various energy sources and power converters. Nonetheless, the term ‘‘Heavy- Duty Electric Vehicle” (HEV) often refers to vehicles with an Inter- nal Combustion Engine (ICE) and an electric motor/generator (EM/ G) [3]. The coordination of different energy sources and converters, including, in the case of an HEV, power flow regulation for both the mechanical and electrical paths, is a key challenge for hybrid vehi- cle development. This requires the implementation of a suitable control or energy management system. A control strategy is defined as an algorithm, which is a law that regulates the function- ing of the vehicle’s drive train [4]. It is often implemented in a central-vehicle controller. The main problem with gasoline shortages will make electric automobiles the primary future. Recognize the effects of various control plan philosophies on component operating conditions and fuel economy. Analyze the best combination of control param- eters to increase fuel economy while preserving a passable driving experience (such as engine ON/OFF) and extending battery life (e.g., low Irms). Compare the J1711 procedure’s fuel efficiency to that attained using various control techniques during Real World Driving Cycles (RWDCs). Compared to traditional ICEVs, EVs pro- vide a number of benefits. EVs have a minimal environmental effect since they use electric motors rather than fossil fuels. How- ever, they do not release Green House Gases (GHGs). The impact of noise pollution is negligible [5]. Additionally, the EV performance outperformed that of ICEVs. The main benefits of EVs are high- speed operation, control, smoothness, and quick steering. An EV is propelled by battery pack technology, which powers the entire car with energy. A motor is the most important component of a vehicle. The controller is the main element of the system in charge of the flawless operation of the EV. Research Workdone Research of hybrid electric vehicle energy management tech- niques has attracted the attention of many scholars. The control https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2022.10.005 1755-0084/Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: chinjusaju@gmail.com (C. Saju), legnaprawin@gmail.com (P. Angel Michael), jeroever2000@gmail.com (T. Jarin). Renewable Energy Focus 43 (2022) 309–316 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable Energy Focus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ref