Citation: Addeo, F.; Blanco-Gregory,
R.; Maddaloni, D.; Moffa, G. At the
Origins of Migration Choices:
A Survey of Students at Two South
European Universities. Societies 2023,
13, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/
soc13020040
Academic Editor: Pratyusha Basu
Received: 29 December 2022
Revised: 2 February 2023
Accepted: 5 February 2023
Published: 7 February 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
societies
Article
At the Origins of Migration Choices: A Survey of Students at
Two South European Universities
Felice Addeo
1
, Rocío Blanco-Gregory
2,
* , Domenico Maddaloni
1
and Grazia Moffa
3
1
Department of Political Science and Communication, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
2
Department of Business Management and Sociology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
3
Department of Political and Social Studies, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
* Correspondence: rblanco@unex.es; Tel.: +34-927-257-000
Abstract: Migration research has long highlighted the role of factors influencing migration flows
at the structural level. Recent literature has shifted researchers’ attention to the individual drivers
influencing the definition of migration strategies and, before that, the individual propensity for
mobility. In this paper, we present the results of a multiple regression model applied to data collected
by means of an online survey of students at the universities of Salerno (Italy) and Extremadura
(Spain). The model highlights the low prominence achieved by factors such as gender and parental
cultural capital on this propensity. A more important role is played by the personal experience
of living abroad, a proactive attitude toward the future, and the propensity to seek professional
self-fulfillment even at the price of sacrificing one’s territorial affiliation.
Keywords: drivers of migration; southern Europe; tertiary students; online survey; multiple regression
1. Introduction
The debate on the drivers of migration has long revolved around the analysis of
structural factors that migration scholars have always considered to be at the origins
of population movements. Migration scholars have therefore long focused on variables
such as employment and unemployment rates and wage levels in the areas of origin and
destination of mobility flows. Recently, however, the increasing complexity of these flows
in what has been called “the age of migration” [1] has pushed scholars towards broadening
research perspectives on this issue. Increasing attention has been paid to factors and motives
operating (1) at the meso level, such as the social networks to which potential migrants
may have access, and (2) at the micro level, such as the personal experiences or personality
types of the individual actors who move into the migration scene [2]. In addition, the role
of non-economic drivers—such as those relating to the choice of a particular lifestyle [3,4]—
may acquire more relevance when migration choices are made by people of higher social
or cultural status. This does not mean that these factors do not also operate at lower levels
in the social hierarchy [5], but it seems reasonable to assume that those belonging to the
middle or upper classes have greater degrees of freedom in this regard.
The purpose of this work is to estimate of the relative impacts of some individual
drivers, such as living abroad, proactive attitude, and professional self-fulfillment, along
with gender and cultural capital, on individual mobility decisions and strategies. The study
focuses on a specific segment of the population, that is, students enrolled in humanities
or social science degree programs in the universities of Salerno (Italy) and Extremadura
(Spain). Specifically, we employed the online survey technique to collect data on this
target population, in order to investigate the life, study, and mobility experiences of these
students, as well as their attitudes and opinions toward their personal and work future [6].
Next, we employed a portion of the collected data to construct a multiple regression model
measuring the relative weight of several variables on the students’ propensity to emigrate
once they finish their studies. The model shows the low weights of factors such as gender
Societies 2023, 13, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13020040 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/societies