Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Introduction Biodiversity is defned as the variety of life encompassing the ‘existing’ variations at all level, starting from the tiny genes within a species up to a broader sense consisted of habitats within ecosystem. This includes all natural elements e.g. plants, wildlife, unseen living things, such as microorganisms. 1 A proper utilization and correct application of biodiversity bring great advantage not only in terms of tangible benefts (e.g. livelihoods or fnancial sector, economic developments, ecosystem, food and nutritional securities), but also to the intangible ones (e.g. human-, and mental health, cognitive-, psychological-, and physiological development, as well as the interaction between biodiversity vs. human health). In short, a properly functioned biodiversity would not only support its major actors (plant, human, and wildlife) per se, but this also serves as the major key for a well-functioned human-natures interaction on earth. Therefore, systematic and sustainable approaches to observing, monitoring, and bringing each function properly in biodiversity across all levels (genes, species, habitats, ecosystems) are urgently required. Indonesia, the world widest archipelago (latitude 5˚ 00’ N and longitude 120˚ 00’ E) a and occupying 1.3% of the world’s land surface is known as one of the megadiversity countries. The biodiversity richness of Indonesia accounts about 12% of the total mammal species; 35 primate species, while 18 of which are endemic; 7.3% of the total reptile species; 17% of the total bird species; 270 species of amphibians; and 2,827 invertebrate species. Such magnifcent diversity is also supported with a tremendous diverse of ecosystem extended from west to east, in which 90 types are exist; ranging from the humid tropical rain forests, sub-tropical highland altitudes, up to a very dry savannah type at the eastern part of Nusa Tenggara with an average temperature is ranging from 23˚C until 38˚C. 2 Furthermore, it is being estimated that more than 50% of Indonesia’s plant species inhabiting the tropical rain forests, have not yet been fully discovered and properly recorded, including those inhabit the Sumatran rain forests. Other than being known as one of three biggest mega-biodiversity hotspots, Indonesia is also known as the fourth largest producer of coffee in the world with total production up to 11,49 million kg noted in 2016-2017. Although, the center of origin of coffee is on the highlands of Ethiopia according to Vavilov, it has been widely introduced, distributed, and cultivated almost on three continents: Latin America, Africa, and Asia. This commodity is the second most traded ones after crude oil where coffee bean is exported from the developing countries to the industrialized ones, with a business worth more than US$12* 10 9 values. 4 At least 20 million famers and millions of other segments along the coffee supply value chain are being involved. For them, the craft and science of coffee go hand in hand, although as an agricultural crop, coffee plant is naturally subject to weather conditions and diseases. 5 The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to review our understanding of coffee production especially the arabica one in Indonesia, and how the biodiversity richness of Indonesia can be targeted to secure the coffee plantation that has been served as a pivotal income for most of small holder farmer under the climate change threat. Results Drinking coffee has been served as an ‘icon’ of a modern lifestyle in most of big cities across the globe and is a pre-requisite as daily stimulant booster, or as refreshing agents especially at mornings or afternoons. For some people, coffee is a kind of an ‘elixir’ in a cup, that could bring people together, fostering communication as well as to improve their working productivity. Drinking a cup of coffee not only stimulates our mind and well-being, but also keeps us healthy due to antioxidants and secondary metabolites e.g. chlorogenic acids. 6 MOJ Eco Environ Sci. 2021;6(4):156‒162. 156 ©2021 Andini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Making biodiversity work for coffee production. A case study of Gayo Arabica coffee in Indonesia Volume 6 Issue 4 - 2021 Rita Andini, 1 Murna Muzaifa, 2 Leni Marlina, 3 Muhammad Ikhsan Sulaiman, 2 Rachman Jaya, 4 Ali M Muslih, 1 Heru P Widayat 2 1 Forestry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala (USK), Indonesia 2 Agricultural Product and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala (USK), Indonesia 3 Vocational Department in Secretary, Faculty of Economy and Business, Universitas Syiah Kuala (USK), Indonesia 4 Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPTP), Indonesia Correspondence: Muhammad Ikhsan Sulaiman, Agricultural Product and Technology Department, Tgk. Hasan Krueng Kalee No. 3, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia, Tel +62 813 70504702, Email Received: July 18, 2021 | Published: August 06, 2021 Abstract Biodiversity is defned as the variety of life encompassing the ‘existing’ variations at all level, starting from the tiny genes within a species up to a broader sense consisted of habitats within ecosystem. It is urgently needed as long as human is still exist on this earth. Therefore, its proper utilization and correct application of biodiversity bring great advantage in tangible and non-tangible benefts. Indonesia is known as the third largest biodiversity hotspots; both its fora and fauna. It has also tremendous diverse ecosystems extended from west to east; with amplitude of variation ranging from humid tropical rain forests until a very dry savannah type at the eastern part of Nusa Tenggara. Furthermore, Indonesia is also known as the fourth world highest producer of coffee; with a total production 11,49 million kg in 2016-2017. The Gayo highlands on the northern tip of Sumatra are known as the major production of arabica coffee. There, up to ten varieties of commercial arabica coffee are planted on the highlands. The origin of coffee is in Ethiopia, which is believed as the center of the commercial coffee species in this world: C. arabica and C. canephora. The objective of this paper is to review the status of coffee, esp. the arabica one from various perspectives, ranging from the biology, history of coffee, the processing of coffee (wet vs. dry methods), and how the component of natural biodiversity can be applied in order to enhance the coffee production, particularly on the Gayo highlands. Keywords: aceh, Arabica, livelihoods, sustainable MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences Review Article Open Access