Global Journal of Scientific and Research Publications https://gjsrp.com/ 16 Val Hyginus U. Eze, Martin C. Eze, Chibuzo C. Ogbonna, Samuel A. Ugwu, Emeka K. Ogbonna, and Christian A. Onyeke, “Comprehensive Review of Recent Electric Vehicle Charging Stations,” Global Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (GJSRP), Volume 1, Issue 12, pp. 16-23, 2021. Comprehensive Review of Recent Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Val Hyginus U. Eze 1,4 , Martin C. Eze 1 , Chibuzo C. Ogbonna 1 , Samuel A. Ugwu 1 , Emeka K. Ogbonna 2 , Christian A. Onyeke 3 1 Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2 Department of Agric Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 3 Centre for Lion Gadgets and Technologies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 4 Department of Computer Science, University of Yaoundé 1 Abstract— The uncertainty associated with modelling and performance of Electric Vehicle (EV) design could be easily and efficiently reduced by using hybridized renewable energy sources. During the past decade the struggle for effective utilization of EVs was very high due to its unreliability interns of durability and sources of charge. This review classified charge station into renewable, nonrenewable and hybrid based on its sources of power generation. In addition, for this decade there is no extensive and comprehensive review on applicability of renewable, non-renewable and hybrid models for performance prediction and modelling of EVs. Therefore, this article focuses on extensive review of design, modelling, battery backup, battery durability, Efficiency Enhancement (EE) components and connectors, advantages and disadvantages of each design based on renewable, non-renewable and hybrid EV charge stations. Furthermore, a total of 15 selected recent articles on the EV charge station together with its technology were reviewed. The review showed the suitability and reliability of renewable, non-renewable, and hybridized EV charge stations. It also showed that hybridization of renewable energy sources with suitable EE components and connectors gave the best EV design in terms of fast charging, priority scheduling and excellent battery backup. Finally, this review presents guide for researchers and engineers in the field of EVs in selecting the best and suitable design to adopt when designing EV charge stations. Keywords— Battery Backup, Charge Station, Electric Vehicle, Renewable Energy, Solar Photovoltaic. I. INTRODUCTION The economic development of a nation, urbanization and industrialization strongly depends on fossil fuels as sources of energy for mobility and electricity generation. The increase in population, industrialization and urbanization has led to increase in fossil fuel vehicles. In the pursuit to make-ends- meet, people travel from one place to another using fossil combustion vehicles as means of transportation which implicatively causes air pollution and ozone layer degradation. The released CO2from the exhaust of combustion vehicles is harmful to the health and also causes global warming. These mentioned pitfalls of fossil fuel in the area transportation attracted the attention of government which made them to lay down some policies that encouraged both the users and producers of Electric Vehicles (EV). This policy led to an increase in EV production and usage which became a treat to the nonrenewable energy sector such as fossil fuel and grid due to high electricity demand by the EV users. This huge consumption of energy by the EVs became a problem as it reduces the quantity/amount of energy that was channeled to other energy consuming sources such as households, industries etc. Furthermore, one of the efficient ways to overcome the impact of this high electricity demand by the EVs from the grid is by decentralizing the power generation and integrating renewable energy as a source for charging EVs. Among all the renewable energy sources such as thermal, wind, and biomass, solar photovoltaic has proven to be the best alternative means to compliment the quantity of energy in use due to its unique characteristics. The unique characteristics of solar Photovoltaic (PV) that made it to have advantage over other renewable energy sources are; its natural occurrence, user friendly and low maintenance cost. Another good reasons why solar PV system is preferably used as an alternative source of energy for EV charging is because the demand for EV charging is always high in the daytime which is always the global power peak of PV. Apart from using EV as harmless, efficient and effective means of transportation and the use of solar PV systems as an alternative renewable source of energy to compliment the nonrenewable sources, it also has the problem of environmental, geographical and technological factors. For the PV system to deliver at its optimum, some of the mentioned factors has to be considered for effective installation and delivery to the load [1][2][3]. The efficiency and performance of solar PV module depends on factors such as: geographical factors (latitude, longitude and irradiation), Environmental factors (pollution, humidity, wind, temperature, Dust and rain) and Photovoltaic technology (crystalline, mono crystalline, polycrystalline and thin film). So, for PV solar energy to be efficiently and economically used, there is a need to study the environmental parameters that can negatively affect the performance of the PV system and to deploy the best method to minimize it. However, the solar modules are rated under Standard Test Conditions (STC) with irradiance of 1000W/m 2 , ambient temperature of 25˚C and Air Mass of 1.5 [4]. The five major environmental factors that affect the efficiency and performance of a solar Photovoltaic module are irradiance, humidity, temperature, wind and dust. 1.1 Operating Principles of Solar Photovoltaic cells