Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2021;8(2):116–120 Content available at: https://www.ipinnovative.com/open-access-journals Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Journal homepage: https://www.ijpp.org.in/ Review Article Proton pump inhibitors: An incisive review Lovepreet Singh 1, *, Kapil Kanwar 1 , Ajeet Pal Singh 2 1 Dept. of Pharmaceutics, KC College of Pharmacy, Nawanshahr, Punjab, India 2 Dept. of Phamacology, St. Soldier Institute of Pharmacy, Lidhran Campus, Jalandhar, Punjab, India ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received 16-05-2021 Accepted 20-05-2021 Available online 17-06-2021 Keywords: Proton pumps inhibitors Pharmacokinetic Pharmacological activity Marketed formulation ABSTRACT Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were clinically introduced a few years ago and have since become an important, safe, and successful treatment for a variety of corrosive-related issues. To specifically overcome these limitations, longer-acting PPIs and innovation to draw out ordinary PPI action have been created, which may improve clinical outcomes. PPIs are identified by their pharmacokinetic properties, digestion, and clinical indications that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). © This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 1. Introduction Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of drugs that reduce gastric acid development significantly and for a long time. They are the most powerful acid secretion inhibitors currently available. This class of drugs preceded and eventually replaced H2-receptor antagonists & synthetic prostaglandin analogs, as well as anticholinergic, which had similar effects but a different mode of action. PPIs have shown consistent patient tolerance, excellent protection, and generally superior acid suppressing capability than previous agents. PPIs are among the most commonly prescribed medications in the world, with the first, omeprazole, being on the WHO’s List of Essential Medicines. 1,2 2. Mechanism of Action Proton pump inhibitors work by irreversibly inhibiting the gastric parietal cells’ hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme mechanism (the H+/K+ ATPase, or, more colloquially, the gastric proton pump). Because the proton pump is directly responsible for secreting H+ ions * Corresponding author. E-mail address: pharmacist.lovepreet@gmail.com (L. Singh). into the gastric lumen at the end of acid secretion, it is an ideal target for acid secretion inhibition. Since the inhibition is permanent, targeting the terminal stage in acid production results in a class of drugs that are significantly more effective than H2 antagonists and reduce gastric acid secretion by up to 99 percent. The term "irreversibility" refers to the effect on a single copy of the proton pump; the effect on the whole human digestive system is reversible since the proton pump protein is rendered redundant and can be replaced by new copies. 3 Reduced stomach acid aids in the healing of duodenal ulcers and alleviates the discomfort of indigestion and heartburn, both of which can be caused by stomach acid. Low stomach acid, also known as hypochlorhydria, is a lack of adequate hydrochloric acid, which is needed for protein digestion and nutrient absorption, especially vitamin B12 and calcium. PPIs are given in an inactive state that is neutrally charged (lipophilic) and easily crosses cell membranes into acidic intracellular compartments (such as the parietal cell canaliculus). In an acidic state, the inert drug is protonated and rearranges into its active form. The inactive drug is protonated and rearranges into its active form in an acidic state. As previously mentioned, the active form will bind to the gastric proton pump covalently and https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2021.019 2393-9079/© 2021 Innovative Publication, All rights reserved. 116