37 Immunological Perspectives Involved in Tissue Engineering 3 Anita Hansda, Sayan Mukherjee, Krishna Dixit, Santanu Dhara, and Gayatri Mukherjee 3.1 Introduction Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines science and engineering principles to develop artificial biologic constructs aimed at restoring or regenerating damaged tissue or organs to help maintain their proper biological functions in the body (Langer and Vacanti 1999). It involves the integration of scaffolds derived from various biomaterials, on which cells and different bioactive molecules are seeded, to aid in the restoration and regeneration process (Sadtler et al. 2016). Furthermore, biomaterials provide physical support for endogenous host cells to adhere to, proliferate, and secrete extracellular matrix (ECM), and eventually build tissue, leading to tissue regeneration. Importantly, the host immune system recognizes the foreignness of the different components of the transplanted biomaterials or the cells within a cell-seeded construct and mounts a response toward it (Antonios G Mikos et al. 2006; Boehler et al. 2011). Besides, different effector molecules secreted by the host immune system in response to the engineered tissue further determine the biocompatibility of the material. Thus, all these factors Anita Hansda and Sayan Mukherjee contributed equally to this work. A. Hansda · G. Mukherjee (*) Immunology and Inflammation Research Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India e-mail: gayatri.mukherjee@smst.iitkgp.ac.in S. Mukherjee · K. Dixit · S. Dhara (*) Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India e-mail: sdhara@smst.iitkgp.ac.in # The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 N. Chakravorty, P. C. Shukla (eds.), Regenerative Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_3