ORIGINAL RESEARCH Rates and Predictors of Treatment Failure in Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infections According to Different Management Strategies: A Multinational Cohort Study—The ARTHR-IS Study Group Reinaldo Espı ´ndola . Venanzio Vella . Natividad Benito . Isabel Mur . Sara Tedeschi . Eleonora Zamparini . Johannes G. E. Hendriks . Luisa Sorlı ´ . Oscar Murillo . Laura Soldevila . Mathew Scarborough . Claire Scarborough . Jan Kluytmans . Mateo Carlo Ferrari . Mathias W. Pletz . Iain Mcnamara . Rosa Escudero-Sanchez . Cedric Arvieux . Cecile Batailler . Fre ´de ´ric-Antoine Dauchy . Wai-Yan Liu . Jaime Lora-Tamayo . Julia Praena . Andrew Ustianowski . Elisa Cinconze . Michele Pellegrini . Fabio Bagnoli . Jesu ´ s Rodrı ´guez-Ban ˜o . Maria Dolores del Toro Received: June 23, 2022 / Accepted: September 20, 2022 Ó The Author(s) 2022 ABSTRACT Introduction: Guidelines have improved the management of prosthetic joint infections (PJI). However, it is necessary to reassess the inci- dence and risk factors for treatment failure (TF) of Staphylococcus aureus PJI (SA-PJI) including functional loss, which has so far been neglected as an outcome. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of SA-PJI was performed in 19 European hospitals between 2014 and 2016. The outcome variable was TF, including related mortality, clinical failure and functional loss both after the initial surgical procedure and after all procedures at 18 months. Predictors of TF were identified by logistic regression. Landmark analysis was used Jesu ´ s Rodrı ´guez-Ban ˜o and Maria Dolores del Toro contributed equally as senior authors of the study. Members of The ARTHR-IS Group are listed in Acknowledgements section. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// doi.org/10.1007/s40121-022-00701-0. R. Espı ´ndola Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Clinical Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain V. Vella Á E. Cinconze Á M. Pellegrini Á F. Bagnoli GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Siena, Italy N. Benito Á I. Mur Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain N. Benito Á I. Mur Sant Pau Institute for Biomedical Research, Barcelona, Spain N. Benito Á I. Mur Department of Medicine, Universitat Auto ` noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain S. Tedeschi Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy S. Tedeschi Á E. Zamparini Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy J. G. E. Hendriks Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Ma ´xima MC, Eindhoven, The Netherlands . The ARTHR-IS Group Infect Dis Ther https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-022-00701-0