_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: Michaelokpara147@gmail.com; Asian Journal of Biology 10(4): 39-48, 2020; Article no.AJOB.62975 ISSN: 2456-7124 Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm Disease) Elimination and Eradication and the Challenges of Emerging Non-human Animal Hosts: A Review of the Literature M. O. Elom 1* 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. Author’s contribution The sole author designed, analysed, interpreted and prepared the manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJOB/2020/v10i430115 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Md. Abdulla Al Mamun, The University of Tokyo, Japan. Reviewers: (1) Magda Abdul Kalek Ali, Wasit University, Iraq. (2) Jesús G. Rodríguez Diego, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, (UAM). Mexico. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/62975 Received 15 September 2020 Accepted 27 November 2020 Published 12 December 2020 ABSTRACT The objective of the review is to update information on the recent state of the transmission of dracunculiasis. Dracunculiasis is an ancient debilitating disease that has been lingering among dwellers of rural communities in some neglected sub-tropical and tropical countries. The disease is transmitted through drinking water that has been infested with Cyclops, the intermediate host of D. medinensis. Guinea worm disease has neither medicine for cure nor vaccine for prevention but can be prevented using certain intervention strategies. Any person that lives in the affected localities and drinks from Cyclop-infested water bodies could be infected, irrespective of age, gender or social status. The disease cripples the economy of affected communities, as it reduces attendance to farm work and other occupations and renders students absent from schools, through incapacitation. Eradication of dracunculiasis has been targeted using health education, boiling of water before drinking, application of temephos (Abate) to drinking water sources, filtration of water before drinking and installation of boreholes for the endemic localities. Attempts for eradication of dracunculiasis had reached an impressive and significant level before the emergence of cases of non-human animal infections. This phenomenon has sustained transmission of the disease in a few African countries. Published articles in Pubmed, Medline, Google Scholar and DOAJ on Guinea worm Systematic Review