Citation: Xu, P.; Ihsan Butt, S.; Ain,
Q.U.; Budak, H. New Estimates for
Hermite-Hadamard Inequality in
Quantum Calculus via (α, m)
Convexity. Symmetry 2022, 14, 1394.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
sym14071394
Academic Editor: Palle E.T. Jorgensen
Received: 19 June 2022
Accepted: 5 July 2022
Published: 6 July 2022
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symmetry
S S
Article
New Estimates for Hermite-Hadamard Inequality in Quantum
Calculus via ( α, m) Convexity
Peng Xu
1
, Saad Ihsan Butt
2,
* , Qurat Ul Ain
2
and Hüseyin Budak
3
1
School of Computer Science of Information Technology, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities,
Duyun 558000, China; gdxupeng@gzhu.edu.cn
2
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
quratulain4566@gmail.com
3
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Düzce University, Düzce 81620, Turkey;
hsyn.budak@gmail.com
* Correspondence: saadihsanbutt@gmail.com
Abstract: This study provokes the existence of quantum Hermite-Hadamard inequalities under
the concept of q-integral. We analyse and illustrate a new identity for the differentiable function
mappings whose second derivatives in absolute value are (α, m) convex. Some basic inequalities
such as Hölder’s and Power mean have been used to obtain new bounds and it has been determined
that the main findings are generalizations of many results that exist in the literature. We make links
between our findings and a number of well-known discoveries in the literature. The conclusion in
this study unify and generalise previous findings on Hermite-Hadamard inequalities.
Keywords: quantum calculus; Hermite-Hadamard inequalities; (α, m) convexity
MSC: 26A33; 26D15; 26E60
1. Introduction
When there is no limit in calculus, it is referred as q-calculus. Euler is the inventor of
q-parameter and also the creator of q-calculus. Jackson began his work in a symmetrical
manner in the nineteenth century and presented q-definite integrals. Q-calculus is used
in a wide range of subjects, including mathematics, number theory, hyper geometry and
physics. One can see in [1–4] and references therein. In q-calculus, we substitute classical
derivative with difference operator, allowing you to work with sets of non-differentiable
functions. Quantum difference operators are of tremendous importance because of their
applications in a variety of mathematical disciplines, including orthogonal polynomials,
basic hypergeometric functions, combinatorics, mechanics and the theory of relativity.
Many essential concepts of quantum calculus are covered in Kac and Cheung’s book [5].
These ideas help us to develop new inequalities, which can be useful in the discovery of
new boundaries.
Integral inequalities is historically viewed as a classical field of research. From classical
to modern applications, inequalities have been used in mathematical analysis. In 1934,
Polya and Hardy introduced classical work on inequalities. Integral inequalities plays vital
role in differential equation theory. Many researchers have studied integral inequalities
in classical calculus along with their applications (see [6–9]) . Because the value of mathe-
matical inequalities was well established in past, inequalities such as Hermite-Hadamard,
Popoviciu’s, Steffensen-Grüss, Jensen, Hardy and Cauchy-Schwarz performed an essential
role in the theory of classical calculus and q-calculus [10–14].
In convexity theory, Hermite-Hadamard is one of the most well known inequality,
which was developed by Hermite and Hadamard (see also [15], [16] p. 137). Convexity is
very simple and natural concept to solve many problems of mathematics. Convexity is
Symmetry 2022, 14, 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14071394 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry